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366 Final
Chapters 11, 12, 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phon | Unit of perceived loudness Unit of how loud a sound is subjectively How loud it seems to be |
| Sone | Unit of perceived loudness used to describe loudness growth 40 phons at 1000 Hz = 1 Sone Any sound perceived as equally loud = 1 sone Any sound perceived as 2x as loud = 2 sones, etc |
| dBHL scale | - Is a sound pressure level scale - Is a scale based on the average of large numbers of normal hearing, used in hearing test - Uses a different reference value every frequency so it can normalize the various levels of sensitivity in the ideal human ear |
| dBSL scale | - when we wish to specify how loud the sensation of a sound is to a particular person - unit of measure used to express the softest sound a person can hear |
| dBA scale | - Sound pressure scale thats based on Fletcher Munson equal loudness curve - Used to asses environmental and industrial noise - Certain frequencies get weighted and count more towards the reading, different F's have different weightings |
| The Mel Scale | - Mel scale of pitch - frequency is physical stimuli, its sensation is called pitch - derived from the world melody |
| Who invented the Mel Scale? | Stanley Stevens, John Volkman, and Edwin Newman |
| Localization | To determine from which direction the sound is coming from - occurs in horizontal and vertical dimensions |
| Binaural Localization | - two ears - directly in front or back or 90 degrees |
| Monaural Localization | - single or one ear |
| How do lower frequencies travel compared to higher frequencies? | Low F's travel father than higher F's |
| When you sense something? Are you sensing the actual thing? | No, when you sense something you aren't sensing the actual thing, you are receiving the interpretation of the sensory cells, neural pathways, and brain telling you what the "thing" is |
| Optical illusions | To create stimuli that are misperceived by the senses and do not resolve correctly even when we know the truth or have a second look - can also create auditory illusions |
| Psychophysics | Study of relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological perception of that stimuli |
| Psychoacoustics | related to acoustic stimuli |
| Percept | mental representation of something perceived (heard, seen, or felt) |
| Loudness | Perception of sound pressure / amplitude / intensity |
| Pitch | Perception of frequency |
| 3 Factors of the Structure of Mental Psychoacoustics | Reception: how the sensory organ captures or fails to capture the event Converts: how the sensory organ converts/interprets the real world event into electrical signals Generates: how the brain generates a virtual reality bc of the signal received |
| What are the physical characteristics of sound? | Frequency |
| What are the characteristics of the mental image of sound ? | Pitch |
| How will a psychoacoustician develop a scale of perceived loudness? | Ask listeners to create concrete scale of loudness Ex. Might ask which of the several sounds is closet to being twice as loud as the reference sound , three times as loud, and so on |
| Threshold | - the diving line between hearing and not hearing - used to identify a dividing line in psychological space between two "states" |
| Difference Limen | Amount that two stimuli must be different in order for them to be perceived as different |
| Threshold of hearing | When the amplitude is set at the exact threshold, the person will hear the sound 50% of the time and not hear the sound 50% of the time. |
| Threshold of pain | The dividing line between loud noise and painful noise |
| Testing Conditions | - Done in a controlled environment where external sounds do not enter - State of the art equipment that go under regular maintenance - Sound treated booths: premade in a modular fashion - Anechoic chamber: very expensive |
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | Increasing the difference slightly will result in 100% identification that the two stimuli are different |
| Ernest Weber | One of the first people to study the relationship between stimuli and sensation by the produced |
| Gustav Fechner | Put Websters work into mathematical form and reffered to it as Webbers law |
| Weber Flechner Law | - the amount of change in a stimulus needed to detect a change is greater when the initial sound stimulus is greater, and it changes proportionally to the magnitude of stimulus |
| Example of Weber Flechner Law | Someone holding out their hands, and at first being able to detect a noticeable different in weight. Then adding more weight and not being able to tell the different. Ex. YT Vid |
| Resonance as it relates to phonation?? | All speech sounds produced by an airstream - moving column of air that gets shaped by the vocal tract |
| Air stream mechanism | refers to the way the body generates the air stream |
| Pulmonic Egressive Airstream | - is a column of air that is forced out of the body from the lungs - all sounds in GAE are made this way |
| Laminar | straight even - air flow can be described as laminar |
| Fricatives f, v, th, the, s. z, sh, zhzh, h | out flowing air is directed through narrowing of vocal tract - called place of articulation or construction, creates turbulance and therefore sound |
| Role of Resonance | Resonance of oral cavity plays larger role when forward of the places of articulation - labial fricatives are less influenced by resonance - alveolar palatal fricatives more influenced by resonance |
| 4 high pressure fricatives are called what? | Sibilants |
| Plosives p, k, g, t, b, | - the VP is closed and the oral cavity is completely blocked at the place of articulation |
| 3 Phrases of Articulation | Closing/Shutting: phase during which art. are moving toward closure or blockage Closure: phase during which airflow is blocked Release: phase during which the art. are moving apart to reestablish airflow |
| If a vowel precedes the plosive what state is the vocal tract in? | State of resonance |
| Plosives in closure phase still produce what? | Still produce low amplitude and low frequency sound |
| Voice Onset Time (VOT) | time lapse from the release of plosive to start of voicing |
| Voicing starting before release is? | Voicing Lead |
| Voicing starting after release? | Voicing Lag |
| Burst Noise | Energy released in voiceless plosives |
| Why is it easy to confuse a plosive of one place of articulation with that of another? | - They have low intelligibility - the acoustic information is extremely short in duration - may be masked in noisy environments |
| Airflow across the glottis creates what? | Creates voicing - air pressure below vocal folds greater then above vocal folds vibrate as airflow flows across them |
| Affricates | - plosive closely followed by a fricative w/ similar place of articulation and voicing - consonants made of two elements - tS, d3 |
| Nasal Consonants m, n, nn | - vocal tract manipulated to radiate sound from nostrils, mouth is closed |
| Approximants j, w, r, l | - articulators move closely together but don't touch , they approximate each other |
| How are laterals produced? | By having tip of tongue against roof of mouth - air passes laterally - around edges of the tongue - cul de sac resonance /l/ sound |
| What is a Vowel? | Vowels are sonorant - produced by an unrestricted vocal tract |
| What is obstruent? | Consonants are obstruent because there is significant restriction of the vocal tract |
| The Source Theory Filter | Explains speech production by explaining how postures and manipulation of speech articulators are converted into speech sounds |
| Modal Voicing | vocal chord vibration at its most natural state |
| Sound is generated where? | At the source |
| What does a filter do? | Modifies and shapes the sound - making some parts emphasized or reduced |
| What is the source of sound energy? | Vibrating vocal folds |
| 100 - 150 Hz | - Male Voice |
| 170 - 250 Hz | - Female Voice |
| As high as 350 Hz | Children's voice |
| Vocal chord is near perfect with slight imperfections such as: some cycles being longer or shorter | Quasi Periodic |
| What can cause variations in voicing? | Mucus on vocal folds, and folds slightly sticking together |
| Variation leads to what? | Jitter |
| Jitter | the degree to which the period changes from cycle to cycle in a persons voice - period is duration of each cycle |
| less variation | less jitter |
| Hoarse voices have? | More jitter |
| Do computer voices have jitter? | no |
| Why are there additional harmonics for males? | Going to have multiples or more harmonics bc the starting number is a lower number. - The F0 is lower = more multiples |
| Will a vowel contain any sound that was not already present? | No, sounds must be in the source to be present. They are not created |
| A signal that contains a broad range of frequencies? | The Source |
| Exception of source that is essentially air/breath passing between closely approximated vocal folds? | Whispering |
| Exception of source that is help up against the neck area, leading to a buzzing sound inside the pharynx, serving as source for speech sounds | - Laryngectomies // electronic buzzer |
| For speech sounds to be heard phonation must pass through? | Throat Cavity Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity |
| F1 corresponds to? | Vowel height - how high or low the tongue is within the oral cavity during production |
| F2 corresponds to? | Vowel frontness - how far forward the articulation of the vowel is in the oral cavity |
| F3 Corresponds to? | Number of variables: rounding - lower F3 vowels are made with rounded lips - higher F3 vowels are open (spread lips, neutral position) |
| High tongue= ? Low tongue = ? | Lower F1 Higher F1 |
| Low F2 = ? High F2= ? | Back vowels Front vowels |
| What do the shaded parts on a spectrogram convey? | The shades parts hold the most energy |
| "DI' means? "phthong" means? | Two sound |
| When two vowels get articulated with a good amount of articulatory movement during their production? | Diphthongs |
| Voicing creates | Turbulent airflow |
| What do we know about sibilants and frequencies? | they contain more high frequency elements that other frictaves |
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