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PSYC1001 - Chapter 5
Lecture Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | One’s awake, focused awareness of their external and internal environment. |
| Medical unconsciousness | Consciousness is interrupted by some medical condition/trauma, but the body still shows a level of reactivity to its environment. |
| The unconscious | An inaccessible part of the mind where thoughts, desires, and emotions that are unacceptable to our conscious mind are repressed. |
| Subconscious awareness | Activity and processing that are just below the surface of awareness but can be accessed (ex: automatic associations). |
| Controlled awareness | Where your conscious attention is focused. |
| Uncontrolled awareness | Daydreaming and automatic processes that require minimal attention, such as riding a bike. |
| Self-awareness | Thinking about your own thinking processes (metacognition). |
| Altered states of awareness | Any mental states that are different from normal. |
| Sleep | An altered state of consciousness (we are not unconscious while we sleep). Since sleep is a almost universal among animals, researchers have deduced that it must serve a useful function, because it leaves us in a vulnerable state. |
| Physical recuperation function of sleep | While the body does go through hormonal cycles during the sleep-wake cycle, the body is capable of functioning without it. Sleep is therefore not essential for physical recuperation. |
| Mental recuperation function of sleep | Sleep deprivation results in impaired higher-order mental functioning, such as by slowing down the ability to learn and the consolidation of neural connections and neurogenesis occurs during sleep. It is therefore essential for mental recuperation. |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | A device that measures electrical activity in the brain throughout the day, in different stages of wakefulness/sleep. |
| Wakefulness | Our normal waking state, dominated by high frequency and low amplitude brain waves (beta activity). |
| Drowsiness | Our sleepy but awake state, dominated by medium frequency and medium amplitude brain waves (alpha activity). |
| Stage 1 | The transition between wakefulness and sleep, in which alpha activity starts to turn into theta activity (frequency continuously decreases and amplitude continuously increases). |
| Stage 2 | An intermediate stage of sleep, predominantly theta activity, in which the sleeper will not see anything even if their eyes are open, and that is occasionally interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes. |
| Sleep spindles | A 1-2 second waxing and waning burst of brain waves. |
| K complexes | A single large upward brain wave, followed by a single large downward brain wave. |
| Stage 3 | The beginning of deep sleep, in which brain waves decrease further in frequency and increase further in amplitude (delta activity). |
| Stage 4 | The deepest stage of sleep, predominantly delta activity, in which the brain’s metabolism slows to 75%. |
| Stage 5 | The stage of sleep in which we dream the most and the most richly, have muscular paralysis, genital activity, return to beta waves, and experience Rapid Eye Movement (REM). |
| Sleep cycle | We alternate between REM (stage 5) and non-REM sleep (stages 1-4) 4-6 times per night, with each cycle lasting about 90 minutes. The former is characterized by rapid EEG waves, while the latter is characterized by slow EEG waves. |
| The circadian rhythm | The sleep-wake cycle that is approximately 24 hours long (but this can range from 16-50 hours). Our circadian rhythms are cued by environmental stimuli, such as daylight and clocks. |
| "Morning people" | People with short circadian rhythms whose optimal performance peak falls earlier in the day. Older people tend to have shorter circadian rhythms. |
| "Evening people" | People with long circadian rhythms whose optimal performance peak falls later in the day. Younger people tend to have longer circadian rhythms. |
| The Basic-Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC) | A biological clock that runs night and day, has approximately a 90-minute cycle, regulates bodily activities (eating, drinking, waste management) and the alternating periods of REM, and is controlled by pons in the brainstem. |
| REM-on neurons | Acetylcholine-releasing cells that begin a period of REM sleep, causing rapid eye movement, stimulating the cerebral cortex and causing dreaming, and releasing a set of inhibitory neurons that paralyze the body. |
| The psychobiological approach of dreams | Analyzing the physiological components of REM sleep and the effects on the body and mind in REM deprivation. |
| The psychoanalytic approach of dreams | Locating the unconscious source of a client's problems in therapy via dream analysis (determining latent content based off manifest content), as it was believed by Freud and Jung that dreams represented repressed conflicts, emotions, and desires. |
| Manifest content | The actual storyline of a dream. |
| Latent content | The meaning of a dream. |
| The Conscious (Freud) | A part of the mind governed by the rational and self-aware ego, which negotiates with the id and superego to govern behaviour. |
| The Preconscious/Subconscious (Freud) | A part of the mind containing material that is accessible to the conscious mind on demand (ex: automatic behaviour such as typing on a keyboard). Dreams sourced from it are superficial and can be taken at face value (level 1 of dream analysis). |
| Personal unconscious (Freud) | A part of the mind containing repressed emotions and traumas, half-forgotten memories, and unacknowledged motives and urges. Dreams sourced from it represent repressed elements of the mind via symbolic language (level 2 of dream analysis). |
| Collective unconscious (Jung) | A mental reservoir of universal ideas, symbols, and themes (cultural myths and systems). Dreams sourced from it are typically “grand dreams” that operate in symbols and archetypes (level 3 of dream analysis). |
| Archetypes | Common themes or “mythological motifs” in dreams that involve magical journeys or quests and represent the search for some aspect of ourselves. |
| The Thematic Apperception Test | Clients are shown a series of ambiguous stimuli (pictures or ink blots) and asked to describe the stories behind them as well as behind their dreams, and a therapist identifies themes across the stories to reveal their client's unconscious problems. |
| Dreaming of transformation/change/bridge | There is a big upcoming change in the dreamer’s life. |
| Dreaming of unfamiliar surroundings | The dreamer is not ready to leave an old way of life behind. |
| Dreaming of mazes | The dreamer is trying to access a part of their unconscious mind, but the ego prevents this from happening by creating a maze . |
| Dreaming of masks | The dreamer feels as if they are not presenting their true selves to the people around them. If the mask can’t be removed, the dreamer is losing their sense of self. |
| Dreaming of strange mirror reflections | The dreamer doesn’t know who they are; they may be having an identity crisis. |
| Dreaming of falling | The dreamer is overwhelmed because they have extended themselves too far and are unable to handle everything. |
| Dreaming of being chased | There is a part of the dreamer that cannot be integrated into their conscious mind. |
| Dreaming of flying | The dreamer is longing to attain an aspiration. Flying in some kind of vehicle represents a desire for safety along with the aspiration. |
| Hypnosis | An altered state of consciousness in which people are very responsive to suggestion that is not the same as being asleep nor being awake. 10-20% of people are very susceptible, 10% are not susceptible, and 70-80% are somewhere in the middle. |
| Sociocognitive approach of hypnosis | The hypnotized person is playing the role of a hypnotized person and doing what they believe they are supposed to do. In the arm rigidity test, tremblers exert muscular effort to bend their arm and keep it straight, supporting the sociocognitive approach. |
| Dissociation approach of hypnosis | The hypnotist divides the consciousness of the hypnotized person, resulting in a primary awareness and an inaccessible awareness. In the arm rigidity test, non-tremblers passively keep their arm straight, supporting the dissociative approach. |
| Direct suggestion | The hypnotist tells the client something directly. |
| The body sway test | The hypnotized person stands up and closes their eyes and the hypnotist tells them that they are falling forward. They will naturally lean backwards to correct their fall, and the amount of sway indicates their responsiveness to direct suggestion. |
| Indirect suggestion | The hypnotist implies something to the client indirectly. |
| The odor test | The hypnotized person is presented with a set of labelled bottles, some with smell and some odorless (but with labels), and their reaction to smelling the odorless bottles indicates their responsiveness to indirect suggestion. |
| The arm rigidity test | The hypnotized person is told their arm is rigid and then asked to attempt to bend it while their muscles are monitored by an EMG. |
| Psychoactive drugs | Drugs that act on the nervous system; one of their main effects is to alter consciousness. Most of them increase dopamine levels in the brain’s reward pathways: the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area. |
| Physical dependence | The body is accustomed to the presence of a substance. Tolerance is established, requiring more of it for its desired effect. When drug use is discontinued, a withdrawal effect is produced, which often causes clients to relapse. |
| Psychological dependence | The brain is accustomed to the presence of a substance. The drug reduces or dulls some negative emotion that they are feeling, and all aspects of the user’s life center around the drug. |
| The DSM | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| The DSM's 10 classes of drugs | Alcohol Caffeine Cannabis Hallucinogens Inhalants Opioids Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics Stimulants Tobacco Other substances |
| The DSM's diagnostic criteria | A problematic pattern of (substance name) use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following criteria, occurring within a 12-month period. |
| Impaired control (symptom 1) | The client is taking more of the substance than intended and over a longer period than intended. |
| Impaired control (criterion 2) | The client expresses the persistent desire to quit and attempts to do so unsuccessfully. |
| Impaired control (criterion 3) | The client spends a significant amount of time trying to obtain the drug, using the drug, and recovering from the drug. |
| Impaired control (criterion 4) | The client exhibits a craving – manifested by an intense desire or urge for the drug that may be triggered by familiar environmental stimuli. |
| Social impairment (criterion 5) | The client fails to fulfill role obligations at work, school, or home because of the drug. |
| Social impairment (criterion 6) | The client continues to use the drug even though it is negatively impacting their relationships. |
| Social impairment (criterion 7) | The client withdraws from family activities and hobbies to use the substance. |
| Risky use (criterion 8) | The client uses the drug in situations in which it is physically hazardous (ex: driving). |
| Risky use (criterion 9) | The client continues to use the drug despite the knowledge that it is causing other health problems. |
| Pharmacological criteria (criterion 10) | The client develops a tolerance. |
| Pharmacological criteria (criterion 11) | The client experiences withdrawal symptoms. |
Created by:
archmall
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