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Psychology Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is personality? | ones unique collection of consistent behavior |
| what are the 4 approaches to personality? | psychoanalytic, trait (biological), social-cognitive (behavioral), and humanistic |
| Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality development | Id, ego, & superego, psychosexual stages of development, fixations, and defense mechanisms |
| Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality development | ego, & superego, psychosexual stages of development, fixations, and defense mechanisms |
| What is personality? | ones unique collection of consistent behavior |
| *Have a thorough understanding of the four approaches to personality. | psychoanalytic, trait (biological), social-cognitive (behavioral), and humanistic |
| Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) | explains personality as the result of unconscious internal conflicts and the role of early parent-child relationships (sigma Freud) |
| Trait (biological) | Personality as the result of genes, brain chemistry, and hormones. “You are the way you are because of your inheritance.” |
| Social-cognitive (behavioral) | Emphasizes learning, rewards/punishments, and observational learning. “You are the way you are because of your environment.” |
| Humanistic | Focuses on self-perception, choice, and growth. “You are the way you are because of your belief system.” |
| Id | focus on pleasure, ignores rules and consequences. “I want it rn” |
| Ego | realistic, balances what ID wants and what’s possible. “Waiting to eat until food is ready” |
| Superego | be good, follows rules, makes u feel guilty for doing wrong. |
| Psychosexual Stages | Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Fixations occur if conflicts aren't resolved. |
| 1. Oral (0-1 year) | Babies focus on their mouth (e.g., sucking, eating). If there's a problem, they might grow up liking to chew gum, smoke, or eat too much. |
| 2. Anal (1-3 years) | Focus on controlling bathroom habits. Problems can make someone too neat (anal-retentive) or too messy (anal-expulsive). |
| 3. Phallic (3-6 years) | Kids notice gender differences and feel attached to the opposite-sex parent. Issues can cause guilt or relationship problems later. |
| 4. Latency (6-12 years) | Sexual feelings take a break, and kids focus on school and friends. |
| 5. Genital (12+ years) | Sexual feelings return in a mature way, focused on relationships and life goals. |
| Fixations | If someone doesn't resolve a stage's conflict, they can get "stuck" and show behaviors from that stage as an adult. (A fixation in the oral stage might make someone chew gum all the time.) |
| Defense Mechanisms | Unconscious ways to reduce anxiety (e.g., repression, denial, projection). |
| the different approaches to personality. | Include repression, denial, projection, rationalization, etc. |
| Repression | Forgetting bad memories. (Forgetting an embarrassing moment.) |
| Denial | Pretending something bad isn't true.(A smoker saying, "I won't get sick.") |
| Projection | Blaming others for your feelings. (Calling someone angry when you're upset.) |
| Displacement | Taking feelings out on someone safer.(Yelling at your sibling after a bad day.) |
| Regression | Acting like a child. (Pouting when things don't go your way.) |
| Sublimation | Turning bad feelings into something good. (Exercising to handle anger.) |
| Compare/Contrast Approaches | Psychoanalytic emphasizes unconscious conflicts; trait focuses on biology; social-cognitive integrates learning and environment; humanistic values personal growth. |
| What is the definition of “abnormal” | Deviance (deviation from social norms), causes distress (personal suffering, emo) or dysfunction (impaired functions) |
| Deviation | atypical |
| What is psychopathology? | Scientific study of mental disorders. |
| How common are psychological disorders | 450 million world, 20% in U.S, 50% chance in person’s life. |
| distressful: | upsetting |
| How are psychological disorders explained | Bio-psycho-social |
| biological factors | (genes, viruses, and brain chemistry) |
| psychological processes | (learning, thinking, early childhood experiences, stress, memories) |
| sociocultural context | (culture and society, roles, expectations) |
| dysfunctional: | causes problems |
| Why and how are psychological disorders classified | DSM |
| What is the DSM | Classification helps identify, describe, and treat disorders. provides standardized criteria for diagnoses. caused b/c of the “last straw” triggered by stress |
| What are some of the purposes with diagnosis | treatment, communication, understanding, research. |
| What are some of the problems with diagnosis | overdiagnosis, discrimination (stigma), ppl may have 1+ disorders |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | Excessive worry. |
| Phobic Disorder | Irrational fear of objects/situations. Agoraphobia |
| Panic Disorder | Sudden attacks of terror. |
| OCD | Obsession = repetitive thoughts. Compulsion = repetitive behaviors. |
| PTSD | caused by memory, reliving it, nightmares, obsessive thoughts about trauma. |
| Somatoform disorders | Conversion Disorder and Hypochondriasis |
| conversion disorder: | Loss of physical function (no cause). Appears under distress. Person doesn’t care. |
| Hypochondriasis: | Excessive worry over having a physical problem. |
| Dissociative disorders | Disruption in memory, consciousness, or identity. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | Memory loss. |
| Dissociative Fugue | Loss of identity, or personal memory. Adopting new identity. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | Multiple personalities. Having more than 1 identity. |
| Mood disorders | extreme moods, depression/mania (major depression, bipolar disorder) |
| Major depressive disorder | feeling sad and hopeless for weeks/months |
| Bipolar disorder | change in mood, depression/mania |
| Schizophrenia | experiencing delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, apathy. |
| -Paranoid | delusions, hallucinations, speech language problems, emotionless (apathy) |
| -catatonic | severe, need to get hospitalized, varied symptoms, can’t care for self. |
| Positive symptoms | [additional things] delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations |
| Negative symptoms | [missing or absent behaviors] lack of speech, emotion, and movement |
| What are some of the basic features of all effective treatment | Provides new hope, a fresh perspective, and an empathetic trusting relationship. |
| What are the patient’s rights in a therapeutic relationship | Therapists to ensure client isn’t harmed by the relationship. Info is private. Right to confidentiality, respect, and informed treatment. |
| How does the suspected cause of the disorder relate to the likely course of treatment | It depends on the cause of the symptoms. Best outcomes often result from a combination of both. |
| Biological Causes | Often treated with medications. |
| Psychological Causes | Treated with psychotherapy. |
| What are the most common treatment options | Psychological therapies and Biomedical treatments |
| Psychological therapies | talk-based approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy. |
| Biomedical treatments | medications, surgery, electroconvulsive therapy |
| Why do many therapists use an eclectic approach when treating psychological disorders | combining techniques from diff therapeutic schools to tailor treatment to each patients unique needs. |
| **1. Cherie is suffering from depression. Because she is socially isolated, she is not receiving adequate reinforcement from her environment. What approach to personality best explains Cherie's symptoms | Behavioral |
| **2. Karen believes that her boyfriend is afraid of making commitments because he has been hurt in the past by someone he had trusted. Therefore, he has learned to behave in this way. She is following what approach to personality | Behavioral |
| **3. Which of the following is TRUE regarding personality | Your personality will continue to change and evolve throughout your lifetime. |
| **4. Four year old Sam has been hitting other children at preschool. He may have inherited the aggressive behavior. What approach to personality best explains Sam's behavior | Biological |
| **5. Cherie is suffering from depression. She has low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in her brain, which seems to run in her family. What approach to personality best explains Cherie's symptoms | Biological |
| **6. Four year old Sam has been hitting other children at preschool. He may have learned this behavior from his parents who regularly spank him. What approach to personality best explains Sam's behavior | Behavioral |
| **7. Cherie is suffering from depression. She is frustrated in her need for growth and has an incongruent self-concept. What approach to personality best explains Cherie's symptoms | Humanistic |
| **8. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which of the following needs must be satisfied first (appearing at the base of the triangle) | Biological |
| **9. Which of the following tends to emphasize freedom and personal growth in its view of human behavior | The humanistic approach |
| **10. Which of the following is entirely unconscious and present at birth, according to Freud | The id |
| **11. Jenny believes that she is a neat and orderly person because she was often rewarded for cleaning her own room when she was a child. Jenny appears to be following which approach to personality | Behavioral |
| **12. Four year old Sam has been hitting other children at preschool. He may have uncontrolled id impulses. What approach to personality best explains Sam's behavior | Psychodynamic |
| **13. According to Freud, there are three divisions of the mind including the…** | Id, ego, and superego |
| **14. Personality traits are** | Consistent patterns of thinking and behaving |
| **15. Personality traits that are learned through operant conditioning and modeling are the result of** | Behavior/nurture |
| **16. The Oedipal complex occurs during the** | Phallic stage |
| **17. Someone attributes his thoughts or feelings or conflicts to someone else. For example, although he chronically interrupts people, he thinks that other people interrupt him. What Freudian defense mechanism is illustrated | Projection |
| **18. Karen believes that her boyfriend is afraid of making commitments because of a chemical imbalance in his brain (unlikely!!). She is following what approach to personality | Biological |
| **19. Personality traits that are inherited from generation to generation are the result of** | Biology/nature |
| Karen believes that her boyfriend is afraid of making commitments because of an unconscious hatred for his mother. She is following what approach to personality | Psychoanalytic |
| Charlotte's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in | paranoid schizophrenia |
| This diagnosis fits a person who has a sudden loss of memory for important personal information. | dissociative amnesia |
| Which of the following is absolutely necessary in order for one to meet the criteria for a psychological disorder | impairment in some area of daily functioning |
| Dissociative identity disorder was formerly referred to as... | "multiple personality disorder" |
| Michael was found wandering alone. He did not know his name or anything about his identity. He is experiencing a: | dissociative fugue |
| Most people who suffer from dissociative identity disorder have experienced: | emotional trauma in childhood |
| Chester sometimes sits for hours in extremely rigid positions. At other times he displayed frenzied motor activity. Chester's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in | catatonic schizophrenia |
| All of the following are symptoms of major depression EXCEPT: | narcissism |
| Jeff is preoccupied with his medical state. He complains constantly about his symptoms and takes a multitude of medications. He's on google, his coworkers wait for his "illness of the week" | hypochondriasis |
| What is a "hallucination" | hearing or seeing something that isn't there |
| The first axis of the DSM diagnostic system looks at: | major psychological disorders |
| Samantha struggling with depression but her life still good, this person's behavior would most likely be judged abnormal on the basis of the __________ criterion for abnormality. | distress (personal suffering) |
| Sally worries constantly about everything. She has physical symptoms of trembling, diarrhea, and heart palpitations. She cannot identify a specific threat to cause her anxiety. She is suffering from: | generalized anxiety disorder |
| Melvin has been worrying constantly about minor things. He has a chronic, high level of anxiety and has been experiencing dizziness, sweating, and heart palpitations. Melvin's symptoms are consistent with those seen in: | generalized anxiety disorder |
| Your odds of meeting the criteria for at least one psychological diagnosis during your lifetime is... | 50% |
| Which of the following disorders is the least common, occurring in only about 1% of the population worldwide | schizophrenia |
| All of the following are symptoms of major depression EXCEPT: | feelings of narcissism |
| Rose was a victim of a physical attack. She suffers from flashbacks of the event, emotional numbing, and problems with social relations. She is suffering from: | posttraumatic stress disorder |
| This criteria of mental diagnosis looks at how the patient's behavior varies from what society considers acceptable. | deviance |
| Hal is preoccupied with cleanliness. He worries about germs constantly and cleans his house incessantly. He is suffering from: | obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| Psychoanalysis is based on the assumption psychological problems are caused by | unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood |
| Which of the following is likely to be found in cognitive therapy | searching for negative illogical thinking |
| All of the following are causes of deinstitutionalization EXCEPT: | the declining homeless population. |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is now primarily used to treat patients suffering from | severe mood disorders |
| Which of the following is NOT a common factor shared by most types of therapy | short therapy plan to ensure quick treatment |
| Which of the following is NOT true regarding potential side-effects of medication used to treat psychological symptoms | Side-effects rarely occur with psychological medications. |
| The trend toward deinstitutionalization mainly came about because large state mental institutions: | were actually worsening the condition of many patients |
| Which of the following is no longer used as a therapeutic technique when treating mental disorders | ice water therapy |
| The basic idea behind various forms of behavior therapy is that problem behaviors | have been learned, and can therefore be "unlearned" |
| All of the following are psychological treatment categories EXCEPT: | salutation therapies. |
| The transition to community-based treatments has been most beneficial for: | those with mild disorders. |
| Which of the following mental health professionals must have a medical degree | psychiatrists |
| Which of the following is used in aversion therapy | classical conditioning |
| During her treatment for alcohol addiction, Tammy is given a drug that makes her vomit every time she drinks. This method is called: | aversion therapy. |
| Which of the following treatments is usually used to treat phobias | systematic desensitization |
| The major emphasis in client-centered therapy is to provide the client with | feedback and clarification |
| The two most common presenting problems in therapy are: | anxiety and depression. |
| Which of the following behavior therapy techniques would most likely be used to treat a fear of flying | systematic desensitization |
| Which of the following factors can affect the outcome of a treatment program | regression toward the mean, placebo effects, and the efficacy of the treatment itself |
| Dr. Quimby encourages patients to talk openly about their concerns but she keeps her interpretation and advice to a minimum. She feels her job is to provide feedback that helps her clients sort out their own feelings. Dr. Quimby is most likely | a client-centered therapist |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Often used for disorders like depression and anxiety, based on the idea that altering negative thought patterns can change behavior and mood. |
| Medication | Often used for mood disorders (antidepressants, mood stabilizers) and psychotic disorders (antipsychotics). |
| Psychoanalysis | Used for long-term issues rooted in unconscious conflicts. |
| Humanistic Therapy | Useful for clients looking to improve self-concept and work on personal growth. |
Created by:
mahak
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