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PSYC1001 - Chapter 7
Lecture Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | The way in which we record the past and refer to it so that it may affect the present. It may be studied physiologically (changes that occur in the brain when new information is learned) and cognitively (the nature and function of information processing). |
| Encoding | The active process of turning the information of an environmental stimulus into a form (code) that can be stored in our memory system. |
| Storage | Information being held for later use (short-term or long-term). |
| Retrieval | The active process of locating stored information and making it accessible for conscious use (remembering). |
| Sensory Memory | The stimulation of sensory receptors that creates a neural activation that is not yet assigned meaning. It occurs subconsciously before short-term memory and provides a fairly accurate representation of a stimulus. |
| Sperling's Whole Report Procedure | An experiment in which participants were briefly shown a set of letters and asked to recall as many of them as possible, testing iconic sensory memory. |
| Sperling's Partial Report Procedure | An experiment in which participants were briefly shown a set of letters, heard a tone (once without delay and once with), and had to recall the row of letters corresponding to the tone. Performance was better without delay, proving that is impermanent. |
| Iconic memory | A form of sensory memory that holds a brief visual image of a scene that has just been perceived with the purpose of maintaining the stimulus long enough for it to be encoded into short-term memory, lasting for about a quarter of a second. |
| Echoic memory | A form of sensory memory that holds a brief auditory echo of a sound that has just been perceived with the purpose of maintaining the stimulus long enough for it to be encoded into short-term memory, lasting for about one second. |
| Short-term memory | A temporary pattern in neural activity that sensory memory turns into if processed, which depends on the number of items trying to be retained, undivided attention, and chunking. |
| Rehearsal | The process of maintaining information in the short-term memory long enough for it to be translated into long term memory. |
| The memory span (STM) | We are typically able to remember 5-9 or 3-5 individual items after one presentation in our short-term memory. |
| Primary effect (STM) | The tendency to remember initial information. |
| Recency effect (STM) | The tendency to recall later information. |
| Chunking | The grouping together of items in short-term memory. |
| Central executive | A division of working memory - the processor that focuses attention and coordinates the interactions of the other three components. |
| Phonological loop | A division of working memory - the storage of the sounds of items. |
| Visuo-spatial sketch pad | A division of working memory - the storage of the visual and spatial representation of items |
| Episodic buffer | A division of working memory - a bit of memory storage capacity that provides room for various parts of short-term memory to integrate information with each other and long-term memory. |
| Long-term memory | A relatively stable memory store where information in short-term memory goes with enough rehearsal. |
| Consolidation | The process by which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory. If rehearsed enough, the neural activity of short-term memory is perpetuated and causes structural changes in the brain; it is consolidated. |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Repetition of information without establishing meaning. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | The formation of associations between new information and pre-existing information recalled from long-term memory. |
| Shallow processing | A level on information processing in which its surface features are analyzed and no meaning is assigned. |
| Deep processing | A level on information processing in which its semantic features are analyzed and meaning is assigned. |
| Explicit memory | An intentional, conscious use of memory. |
| Episodic memory | Memories of specific, meaningful, emotional events, where emotion is important, the retrieval process is effortful, and the retrieval report begins with "I remember". |
| Semantic memory | Memories of specific facts and ideas about various concepts, where emotion is not important, the retrieval process is automatic, and the retrieval report begins with "I know". |
| Implicit memory | An unintentional, unconscious use of memory. |
| Procedural memory | Remembering skills (ex: riding a bike). |
| Priming | The automatic activation of information in memory storage (ex: recalling a scent). |
| Classical conditioning (memory) | Automatically remembering relationships between two stimuli. |
| The Stroop Effect | Difficulty in suppressing recall of the meaning of words while trying only to say the colour in which the word is written, proving the retrieval of implicit memories is automatic. |
| Retrograde amnesia | An inability to retrieve pre-existing memories. |
| Anterograde amnesia | An inability to form new long-term memories. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and the ability to form new implicit memories (learn new skills) is usually unaffected. |
| Forensic psychology | Psychology in the legal system, namely in eyewitness testimony, which relies on memory. |
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archmall
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