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Module 3

Cryptographic Solutions

TermDefinition
Cryptography The science and practice of altering data to make it unintelligible
Plaintext Unencrypted data
Ciphertext Data that cannot be read without the cipher key
Algorithm Operations that transform a plaintext into a ciphertext
Cryptanalysis The science art and practice of breaking codes and ciphers
Encryption Scrambling the characters used in a message
Key A specific piece of information used with an algorithm to perform encryption and decryption
Symmetric encryption Two-way encryption that uses the same key
Key length Size of a cryptographic key in bits
Asymmetric algorithm Cipher that uses public and private keys
Public key A freely distributed key to perform the reverse encryption or decryption
Private key this key is known only to the holder
Blockchain A concept in which an expanding list of transactional records listed in a public ledger is secured using cryptography
Open public ledger Distributed public record of transactions of blockchains
Steganography The practice of concealing a file message image or video within another file message image or video
Data masking A de-identification method where generic or placeholder labels are substituted for real data
Tokenization A de-identification method where a unique token is substituted for real data
Key management system PKI procedures and tools that centralizes generation and storage of cryptographic keys
Trusted Platform Module secure hardware-based storage of encryption keys hashed passwords and other identification information
Secure enclave CPU extensions that protect data stored in system memory so that an untrusted process cannot read it
Hashing algorithm A function that converts an arbitrary-length string input to a fixed-length string output
Digital signature A message digest encrypted using the senders private key that is appended to a message
Salt A security countermeasure that mitigates the impact of precomputed hash table attacks
Key stretching A technique that strengthens potentially weak input for cryptographic key generation
Secure Hash Algorithm A cryptographic hashing algorithm created to address possible weaknesses in multi-domain authentication
Data at rest Information that is primarily stored on specific media rather than moving from one medium to another
Data in transit Information that is being transmitted between two hosts such as over a private network or the internet
Data in use Information that is present in the volatile memory of a host such as system memory or cache
Transport encryption Encryption scheme applied to data-in-motion such as WPA IPsec or TLS
Key exchange Any method by which cryptographic keys are transferred among users
Full disk encryption Encryption of all data on a disk
Self-encrypting drives A disk drive where the controller can automatically encrypt data that is written to it
Public key infrastructure A framework of certificate authorities digital certificates software services and other cryptographic components
Digital certificate Identification and authentication information presented in the X.509 format and issued by a CA
Certificate signing request A Base64 ASCII file that a subject sends to a CA to get a certificate
Wildcard In PKI a digital certificate that will match multiple subdomains of a parent domain
Root certificate A certificate authority that issues certificates to intermediate certificate authorities
Certificate chaining A method of validating a certificate
Escrow The storage of a backup key with a third party
Created by: brad.whitaker
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