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PSYC1001 - Chapter 5
Textbook Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | The awareness of internal and external stimuli, almost always in fluctuation, even while we are asleep or under anesthesia for surgery. |
| Mind wandering | The experience of task-unrelated thoughts, which diverts attention, prevents the absorption of information, but also facilitates future planning, produces new and creative ideas, captures the meaning of an experience, and relieves boredom. |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | A device used to measure consciousness by monitoring the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. |
| Brain waves | The unit measured by the EEG, which varies in amplitude (height) and frequency (cycles per second). |
| Beta waves | Waves that are active during normal waking hours and occur at 13-24 cycles per second. |
| Alpha waves | Waves that are active during deep relaxation and occur at 8-12 cycles per second. |
| Theta waves | Waves that are active during light sleep and occur at 4-7 cycles per second. |
| Delta waves | Waves that are active during deep sleep and occur at less than 4 cycles per second. |
| Biological rhythms | Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning that are tied to planetary rhythms, such as the daily alternation of light and darkness, the annual pattern of the seasons, and the phases of the moon cycle. |
| Circadian rhythms | The 24-hour biological cycles that regulate sleep, produce variations in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions, and other physical functions, as well as alertness, short-term memory, and other of cognitive functions in humans. |
| Melatonin | A hormone that adjusts our circadian rhythms, produced by the pineal gland, which receives signals from a structure in the hypothalamus (the suprachiasmatic nucleus), which receives impulses from receptors in the retina when exposed to light. |
| Jet lag | The disruption of the circadian rhythm as a result of flying across several time zones, making it difficult to fall asleep and the feeling of fatigue, sluggishness, and irritability during daytime. |
| Electromyograph (EMG) | A device that records muscular activity and tension, used along with the EEG to study the sleep cycle. |
| Electrooculograph (EOG) | A device that records eye movements, used along with the EEG to study the sleep cycle. |
| Stage 1 (sleep cycle) | The first stage of sleep, 1-12 minutes long, in which breathing and heart rate slow, muscle tension and body temperature decline, alpha waves give way to theta waves, and hypnic jerks may occur. |
| Hypnic jerks | Brief muscular contractions that sometimes occur during Stage 1 of the sleep cycle. |
| Stage 2 (sleep cycle) | The second stage of sleep, 30-60 minutes long, in which breathing, heart rate, muscle tensions, and body temperature continue to decline, and sleep spindles may occur. |
| Sleep spindles | Brief bursts of high-frequency brain waves that sometimes occur during Stage 2 of the sleep cycle. |
| Stage 3 (sleep cycle) | The third stage of sleep, 30 minutes long, in which high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves become prominent (slow-wave sleep). After this stage, the cycle reverses itself and the sleeper gradually moves upward through the lighter stages to REM sleep. |
| REM sleep | The final stage of sleep, characterized by rapid eye movement, beta waves that resemble those while awake, irregular breathing and heart rate, extremely relaxed muscle tone to the point of paralysis, and dreaming. It is the hardest stage to wake up from. |
| Reticular formation | A structure in the core of the brainstem that plays a key role in sleep and wakefulness. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) consists of the afferent fibres running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal. |
| Pons | A structure in the brain stem that generates REM sleep, along with adjacent areas in the midbrain, such as the hypothalamus, medulla, thalamus, and basal forebrain. |
| Theories of the adaptive value of sleep | 1) Sleep evolved to conserve organisms’ energy. 2) The inactivity of being asleep reduces exposure to predators and resource consumption. 3) Sleep helps to restore bodily resources and clear waste out of the brain. |
| Sleep deprivation | Sleep insufficiency that impairs an individual's attention, reaction time, motor coordination, decision-making, and may also have negative effects on endocrine and immune system functioning. |
| Insomnia | A sleep disorder refers to chronic problems in getting adequate sleep, characterized as difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty remaining asleep, or persistent early-morning waking. |
| Sedative medications | A medical solution to insomnia that helps people fall asleep quicker, reduces nighttime awakenings, and increases total sleep. However, they can cause daytime drowsiness, users can become addicted, develop a tolerance, and overdose. |
| Narcolepsy | A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods. These people typically go directly from wakefulness to REM sleep, lasting 10-20 minutes. |
| Sleep apnea | A sleep disorder that involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep. Apnea occurs when a person stops breathing for at least ten seconds. These people can be woken up hundreds of times per night. |
| Night terrors | Abrupt awakenings accompanied by intense automatic arousal and feelings of panic, usually occurring during NREM sleep early in the night. Victims typically react to a single frightening image rather than a dream, and are able to fall back asleep easily. |
| Somnambulism/sleep walking | A person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep. Episodes tend to occur during the first three hours of sleep, during slow-wave sleep, and can last from 1-30 minutes. |
| REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) | A disorder that is marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods. These people may talk, yell, gesture, flail, leap out of bed, or engage in other violent behaviours that can hurt themselves or their bed partner during REM dreams. |
| Nightmares | Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep. These people typically recall a vivid dream and have trouble returning to sleep. |
| Dreams | Dreams are generally mundane, unfold in familiar settings with familiar characters, experienced in first-person, we are more tolerant of illogical scenarios than while awake, we usually move through coherent, sensible, realistic, virtual worlds. |
| Wish fulfillment dream theory | Dreams consist of “day residue” – unfulfilled wishes from waking life being fulfilled, which may be disguised or censored by the unconscious. |
| Manifest content | The plot of a dream at the surface level. |
| Latent content | The hidden meaning of the events in the plot of a dream. |
| Cognitive problem solving dream theory | Dreams provide an opportunity to work through everyday problems; they are especially useful for this because they have reduced logical constraints. The fact that sleep enhances learning supports this theory. |
| Activation-synthesis dream theory | Dreams are simply the by-products of bursts of activity from subcortical areas in the brain; these random neural impulses are received by the cortex, which synthesizes them into a dream to make sense out of them. |
| Hypnotism | A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility. A hypnotist usually suggests to participants repetitively and softly that they are relaxing and vividly describing bodily sensations that they should be experiencing. |
| Role playing theory of hypnosis | Hypnosis produces a normal state of consciousness in which suggestible people act out the role of a hypnotic participant and behave as they think they are supposed to. This does not involve a trance, but results from expectations and attitudes. |
| Altered state of consciousness theory of hypnosis | Hypnosis creates a disassociation in consciousness; a dividing of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness. One stream is in communication with the hypnotist and the external world, while the other is a hidden observer. |
| Psychoactive drugs | Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning. |
| Opioids | Natural or synthetic substances that are capable of relieving pain, used medically for pain relief (ex: heroin, morphine, codeine, fentanyl). |
| Sedatives | Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioural activity, used medically as a sleeping pill and anticonvulsant (ex: benzodiazepine, barbiturates). |
| Stimulants | Drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioural activity, used medically for treatment of hyperactivity and narcolepsy (ex: cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine). |
| Hallucinogens | A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience, with no medical uses (ex: LSD, mescaline, ketamine). |
| Cannabis | The hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived, used medically for the treatment of chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and helps people with sleep apnea sleep |
| Alcohol | A variety of beverages constraining ethyl alcohol, such as beers, wines, and distilled spirits, with no medical uses. |
| Ecstasy/molly (MDMA) | A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline, sometimes called a psychedelic amphetamine, used medically for treatment of PTSD alongside psychotherapy. |
| Tolerance | A progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug, usually leading people to consume larger and larger doses of a drug for its desired effects. |
| The mesolimbic dopamine pathway | A universal reward pathway that runs through an area in the midbrain, through the nucleus accumbens, and to the prefrontal cortex. Activity in this pathway is responsible for the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs. |
| Psychological dependence | A person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug. |
| Physical dependence | A person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness. Symptoms of withdrawal depend on the drug. |
| The situational specificity of tolerance | When addicts are presented with cues typically associated with drug consumption, such as the location of consumption, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. |
| Anesthesia (hypnotic phenomenon) | A phenomenon in which hypnotized people are relieved of acute and chronic pain, although drugs are more reliable. |
| Sensory distortions and hallucinations (hypnotic phenomenon) | A phenomenon in which hypnotized people see or hear things that aren’t there or fail to see or hear things that are. |
| Disinhibition (hypnotic phenomenon) | A phenomenon in which hypnotized people have their inhibitions reduced that would usually prevent them from engaging in unacceptable behaviours. |
| Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia (hypnotic phenomenon) | A phenomenon in which hypnotized participants’ later behaviour is influenced by hypnotists, including the forgetting of their hypnosis. |
| Social jet lag | A chronic problem for many people in which people with normal school and work obligations set alarms to wake up earlier than usual on on-days but get extra sleep on off-days, resulting in a disrupted circadian rhythm, obesity and cardiovascular problems. |
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archmall
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