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AP World Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| enlightenment | a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly |
| nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation |
| John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. |
| Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588 |
| social contract | A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. |
| Tabula rasa | John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. |
| Baron Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers |
| Voltaire | (1694 |
| Jean | Jacques Rousseau |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. |
| Laissez | faire |
| capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |
| Deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. |
| Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737 |
| conservatism | A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. |
| socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. |
| utopian socialism | Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self |
| Fabian Society | Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change. |
| classical liberalism | The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The idea being that the less government does, the better, |
| Seneca Falls Convention | 1848 |
| abolitionism | the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all slaves |
| Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. |
| Dreyfus Affair | 1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet |
| Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain |
| New Zealand Wars | series of armed conflicts that took place in New Zealand from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the Māori. Until at least the 1980s, European New Zealanders referred to them as the Māori wars |
| National Assembly of France | Governing body of France that succeeded the Estates |
| Liberty, Equality, Fraternity | Slogan of the French Revolution |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. |
| Jacobins | The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror. |
| First French Republic | The National Convention was the government after the Legislative Assembly, and it declared France a republic. |
| Adult male citizens received the ability to vote and hold office. | |
| Reign of Terror | This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels of the revolution and they were all judged severely and most were executed. |
| maroons | Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797 |
| Haitian Revolution | A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. |
| Jean | Jacques Dessalines |
| Bolivar Revolutions | The Spanish colonies of South America struggle for independence from Portugal and Spain in 1810 |
| Simon Bolivar | 1783 |
| Jamaica Letter | A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate. |
| caudillos | By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment |
| Lola Rodriguez de Tio | Puerto Rican who wrote patriotic poems that supported Cuban independence. |
| Propaganda Movement | reform movement; did not call for revolution or independence in the Phillipines 1880 |
| Realpolitik | Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals. |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805 |
| Risorgimento | "Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807 |
| Otto von Bismarck | (1815 |
| Seven Weeks War (Austro | Prussian War) |
| Franco | Prussian War |
| Greek Independence | Greece won independence from Turks in 1830, Both Serbia and Greece were being helped by Russia, and Russia shared Slavic language and Christian Orthodoxy with two territories |
| Ottomanism | An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethinic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights |
| industrial revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. |
| Industrialization | The development of industries for the machine production of goods. |
| Agricultural Revolution | A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. (1750 |
| crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| seed drill | created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well |
| cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. |
| Spinning Jenny | A machine that could spin several threads at once |
| water frame | 1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms |
| James Hargreaves | invented the spinning jenny |
| Richard Arkwright | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. |
| Factory System | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building |
| Eli Whitney | invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts; cotton became main crop of the South |
| interchangeable parts | Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing |
| division of labor | Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers |
| specialization of labor | To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker |
| assembly line | In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. |
| seaways | On the Atlantic Ocean for Britain, great for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods |
| capital | money for investment |
| Enclosure Movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. |
| Trans | Siberian Railroad |
| defensive modernization | a process that Japan went through in which they consciously adapted to technology and institutions developed in Europe and the United States in order to protect its traditional culture |
| Indian Navy | british designated ships of the British East India company; disbanded when British Royal Navy took complete control over the Indian Ocean |
| company rule | Expansion of British control (1757 |
| Rebellion of 1857 | Indian uprising against the East India Trading Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society, and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule. |
| Arms Act (1878) | brought on by the british fear of another uprising in India; restricted access to minerals and subsequent production of firearms |
| steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. Harnessed coal power |
| internal combustion engine | an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736 |
| coaling stations | these were refueling stations used by navies' coal |
| Second Industrial Revolution | (1871 |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Invented the telephone |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874 |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west |
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