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PSY 1010
Exam #4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| attributions | an explanation of the cause of behavior |
| attitudes | a viewpoint, often influenced by both thoughts and emotions, that affects your responses to people, things, or situations |
| foot-in-the-door compliance | a persuasion technique in which someone gets another person to agree to something small before requesting something bigger |
| door-in-the-face compliance | a persuasion technique in which someone gets a person to reject a large thing before making a smaller request |
| social role | a title, position, or status that carries expectations for acceptable behaviors |
| cognitive dissonance | the discomfort caused by having an attitude or behavior that contradicts another attitude or behavior |
| conformity | changes in an individual's behavior to correspond to the behavior of a group of other people |
| normative conformity | changing one's behavior to fit in with a group and be accepted, driven by the desire to be liked |
| informative conformity | conforming to others' opinions because you believe they have more accurate information about a situation, aiming to be correct rather than accepted |
| social loafing | a decrease in individual performance when tasks are done in groups |
| groupthink | a phenomenon that occurs when group members value getting along with each other more than finding the best solution |
| group polarization | the tendency for a group's attitude to become more extreme as a result of a group discussion |
| in-group | a social group to which you believe you belong in |
| out-group | a social group to which you believe you DO NOT belong in |
| in-group bias | the tendency to hold a more positive attitude towards the in-group rather than out-group |
| outgrip homogeneity | the assumption that all members of an out-group are essentially similar |
| mere exposure effect | an increase in the attractiveness of a person resulting from nothing more than a repeated contact |
| diffusion of responsibility | a decreases sense of obligation to help when others are present |
| self serving bias | the tendency to attribute positive outcomes and successes to internal factors like our personal traits, skills, or actions towards ourselves |
| psychopathology | the scientific study of mental illness or disorders |
| infrequency (disorders) | how statistically frequent a behavior occurs |
| deviation (disorders) | the extent in which a behavior deviates from social norms |
| distress (disorders) | suffering that may be caused by a disorder |
| dysfunction | the extent on which a thought, feeling, or behavior interferes with day-to-day life |
| generalized anxiety disorder | anxiety symptoms that persist for a long time across a wider range of situations and activities |
| specific phobia | a disorder characterized by excessive anxiety towards a specific object or situation |
| panic disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, intense, unpredictable brief bursts of anxiety |
| obsessions | unwanted, intrusive, anxiety-provoking thoughts that seems to appear out of nowhere |
| compulsions | actions done with the intention of reducing the anxiety caused by the obsessions |
| major depressive disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences at least 2 weeks of depressed mood and a lost of interest in most activities |
| persistent depressive disorder | a disorder characterized by a chronic, relatively low-intensity depressed mood |
| bipolar disorder | a disorder characterized by alternating between extremely high moods and extremely low moods |
| manic episode | a period of at least a week when someone experiences a sustained period of extreme mood swings, increased energy, and changes in behavior |
| schizophrenia | a severe disorder in which a person exhibits bizarre disturbances in thinking, perception, feelings, or behavior |
| delusions | completely false beliefs that a person with schizophrenia believe to be reality |
| hallucinations | false sensations or perceptions |
| negative symptoms | behaviors that are lacking in people with schizophrenia, but that are usually present in people without the disorder |
| dissociative disorders | disorders in which a person loses awareness of, or becomes disconnected from, essential parts of self such as memories, emotions, or identity |
| dissociative identity disorder | a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities |
| personality disorders | the category of psychological disorders based on an enduring pattern of inflexible and maladaptive behavior that appears across a wide range of situations and interferes with interpersonal interaction |
| antisocial personality disorder | personality disorder based on a disregard for, and violation of, the rights of other people |
| borderline personality disorder | personality disorder based on instability in many areas of the person's life, including interpersonal relationships, mood, and self-image |
| psychotherapy | involves techniques used by a mental health professional to help a person overcome a disorder or improve some aspect of emotional, cognitive, or behavioral functioning |
| biomedical therapy | involves medications or medical procedures that treat psychological disorders by directly changing the biology of the brain |
| resistance (psychoanalysis) | client behavior that blocks discussion or conscious awareness of anxiety-provoking topics |
| transference | when a client unconsciously and unrealistically expects the therapist to behave like an important person from the person's past |
| person-centered therapy | emphasizes the tendency toward healthy growth inherent in each person |
| behavior therapy | the application of operant and classical conditioning to change outward behavior, with little to no emphasis on the mental processes affecting that behavior |
| exposure therapy | a form of behavior therapy based on classical conditioning in which anxiety is treated by gradually exposing the client to the thing or situation that causes anxiety |
| systematic desensitization | of form of exposure therapy, primarily for phobias, in which the client experiences the new pairing of relaxation (rather than fear) with the thing or situation that previously caused the anxiety |
| counterconditioning | a classical conditioning technique in which the trigger for an unwanted response is paired with a new stimulus that prevents the unwanted response |
| cognitive therapy | therapists help clients change the way they think about life events |
| cognitive-behavioral therapy | hybrid therapy approach that combines an emphasis on logical thinking with the use of conditioning principles to directly change behavior |
| eclectic approach | a psychotherapist selects the best treatment for a particular client based on evidence from studies similar to the client |
| antipsychotics | medication used to reduce psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behaviors |
| stimulants | medications used to treat children and adults with ADHD |
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severe disorders in which an electric current passes through the brain of the client |
| lobotomy | a historical psychosurgery in which the prefrontal lobes were disconnected from the inner regions of the brain that controls emotions |
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