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Ch.16 Terms
Terms & definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adrenal | Above + kidney, gland above the kidney |
| Anemic | Not + blood, condition, red blood cell deficiency |
| Arthritis | Joint + inflammation, inflammation/stiffness of the joints |
| Cardiovascular | Heart + vessel +related to, relating to the heart. |
| Esophagitis | Esophagus + inflammation, inflammation of the esophagus. |
| Gastroesophageal | Stomach + esophagus + relating to, relating to the stomach & esophagus |
| Hypercholesterolemia | High + cholesterol +blood condition, excessive cholesterol in the blood |
| Hyperplasia | High + formation, organ enlargement |
| Hypertension | High + pressure, high blood pressure |
| Infix | A meaningful stem in a generic name in the middle of the word Ex: methylPREDNIsolone |
| International Nonproprietary Name (INN) | A generic name |
| Musculoskeletal | Muscle + skeleton, relating to muscles and skeleton |
| Nephropathy | Kidney + disease, disease of the kidneys |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) | Drugs, such as ibuprofen, used to reduce pain and decrease fever. |
| Osteoarthritis | Bone + joint + inflammation, bone, & joint inflammation |
| Osteoporosis | Bone + passage + condition, thinning of bones |
| Pharmacodynamics | How the drug affects the body |
| Pharmacokinetics | How the body affects the drug |
| Pneumonia | Lung + condition, inflamed lung from bacteria or viruses |
| Polyneuropathy | Many + nerve + disease, peripheral nerve degeneration |
| Prefix | Meaningful stem in a generic name at the beginning of the word Ex: cefdinir |
| RAAS | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, helps regulate blood pressure |
| Renal | Kidney + relating to, relating to the kidneys |
| Rhinitis | Nose + inflammation, inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes |
| Schizophrenia | Split + mind + condition, a mental condition that breaks between thoughts |
| Stem | A meaningful stem in a generic name that allows one to classify the medication by those letters |
| Suffix | A meaningful stem in a generic name at the end of the word Ex: penicillin |
| Tall man lettering | Parts of generic and brand name medications that are in ALL CAPS; meant to distinguish the drug from a look-alike or sound-alike medication Ex: NexIUM, NexAVAR |
| United States Adopted Names Council (USANC) | The body that makes decisions on drug names |
| 3 Medication Characteristics | Effectiveness- whether a drug has provided a patient response that they intended. Safety- weigh the risks against the benefits. Selectivity- Allowing for better safety than a medicine that could harm the human & the bacteria. |
| 4 Phases of drug testing | Phase 1: Scientists look at metabolism, pharmacokinetics, & pharmacodynamics. Phase 2: Scientists tries diff doses on patients to find ideal dose. Phase 3: Researchers testing if its safe & effective for patients. Phase 4: Track any issues; follow ups. |
| ADME | Absorption- small intestine; how fast & how long for it to work Distribution- blood; gets to tissues however there are barriers Metabolism- liver; first pass effect; multiple doses at once Excretion- kidneys; multiple ways to release, half-lifes |
| Inducers | Drugs that increase the rate of metabolism; broken down quicker & dose would need to be increased to have the same effect |
| Inhibitors | Drugs that slow the rate of metabolism; can lead to drug accumulation which increases toxicity & adverse effects |
| Relative potency | A measurement of how much of a drug the prescriber needs to elicit an effect |
| Affinity | Strength of attraction between the receptor and the drug. |
| ED50 & TD50 | Effective dose 50% of patients have desired outcome Toxic dose 50% of patients experiencing negative affects If both close together its a narrow therapeutic index, which is dangerous. If both a far apart, its a wide therapeutic index, safe OTC drug |
| Iatrogenic | Effects are those caused by a medical treatment |
| Carcinogenic | Effects are those that produce or cause cancer |
| Teratogenic | Effects are birth defects caused by medicines |
| Tachyphylaxis | Rapid build up of the body's defenses to a drug |
| Myasthenia Gravis | stem -stigmine which refers to cholinesterase inhibitors These drugs increase the neurotransmitters acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft of specific neurons Ex: Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
| Polyneuropathy | Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) stem -oxetine, -gab Ex: Duloxetine (Cymbalta), Gabapentin (Neurontin), fluoxetine (DEPRESSION), atomoxetine (ADHD) |
| Epilepsy | -pine stem relates to the structure of the drug, three ring back bone -toin stem relates to epilepsy Ex: carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin related to benzodiazepines |
| Anxiety | Stem -azepam, -azolam provide anxiety relief Ex: lorazepam (Ativan), alprazolam (Xanax) |
| Parkinson Disease | Stem -dopa refers to dopamine receptor agonists combination drug ex: carbidopa & Levodopa (Sinemet) reduces disease's effects Levodopa acts as a dopamine agonist; carbidopa simply reduces levodopa's degradation. |
| Migraine | stem -triptan (serotonin receptor agonist) Ex: sumatriptan (Imitrex) |
| Depression | stem -traline for SSRI (first line treatment), stem -faxine for SNRI (inhibits reuptake), stem -triptyline for 3-ring stucture (antidepressant classification) Ex: Sertraline (Zoloft), Venlafaxine (Effexor XR), Amitriptyline (Elavil) |
| Schizophrenia | Divided into first & second generation (also called atypical antipsychotics) Stem -zapine, -piprazole Haloperidol is a first gen drug. Ex: Olanzapine (Zyprexa), aripiprazole (Abilify) second gen drugs |
| Addison Disease | Uses mineralocorticoid medication such as fludrocortisone & hydrocortisone (Cortef); a deficiency I n the adrenal gland hormone cortisol. This is an infix stem |
| Diabetes | Stems -gli, gly, formin, -glitazone (thiazolidinedione), glimepiride (sulfonylureas), -glinide (meglitinide), -gliptin (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 {DPP-4} inhibitors) Ex: metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride, repaglinide, sitagliton |
| Non-Opioid Analgesic | acetominophen used for musculoskeletal pain, osteoaarthritis, headache, and fever |
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs | Aspirin (Ecotrin) provides relief from headache, fever, and mild pain. Stem -profen (NSAID) Stem -coxib (cyclooxygenase-2 {COX-2})-specific inhibitor Ex: ibuprofen, celecoxib |
| Opioid Analgesics | Morphine derivatives Ex: hydrocodone with acetaminophen, Oxycodone with acetaminophen (Percocet) relieves moderate to severe pain. |
| Bisphosphonates | Stem -dronate treats osteoporosis Ex: alendronate (Fosamax), ibandronate (Boniva) |
| Angiotensin-converting Enzyme inhibitors | ACE inhibitor drugs block an essential enzyme in the RAAS, body is able to vasoconstrict & increase blood pressure Helps with hypertension Stem -pril Ex: Lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil), benazepril (Lotensin) |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers | Drugs block the receptor where the potent vasoconstrictor enzyme angiotensin II would generally work; results in decreased blood pressure Can be used for stroke or diabetic nephropathy prevention. Stem -sartan Ex: losartan (Cozaar) |
| Beta-Blockers | Stem -olol, -alol, -ilol Many beta-1 receptors in the heart, by blocking them can reduce hypertension Ex: propranolol (1st generation BB & affects both beta-1 & beta-2 receptors), Metoprolol (Toprol Xl; preferred for asthmatics; beta-1 selective) |
| Statins | Stem -statin, -va (paired) 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors Lowers bad cholesterol Ex: lovastatin & atorvastatin (Lipitor) |
| PCSK9 Inhibitors | Stem -mab, -cu (paired) monoclonal antibody For high cholesterol resulting from heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) Ex: alirocumab (Praluent), evolocumab (Repatha) |
| Allergy, Cold, Cough | First and second generation antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, & expectorants first gen antihistamines cause drowsiness, second gen doesn't cause sedation Ex: diphenhydramine (1st gen), loratidine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec), etc. |
| Bronchodilators & Antiinflammatory Drugs for Asthma | Condition of bronchoconstriction & inflammation. Stem -terol Ex: Albuterol (ProAir HFA) short acting, salmeterol (Advair HFA) long acting indicates a beta-2 receptor that opens up bronchioles. |
| Pneumonia | Stems -thromycin (macrolide antibiotics), -floxacin (fluoroquinolone antibiotics) Ex: azithromycin (Zithromax), ciprofloxacin (Cipro) |
| Histamine-2 Antagonists | Stem -tidine H2 Antagonists bind to H2 receptor sites, reducing acid secretion. For GERD, erosive esophagitis, gastric ulcer, & duodenal ulcer treatment. Ex: famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet) |
| H1 Blockers | Some stems end in -atadine |
| Proton Pump Inhibitos (PPI) | Stem -prazole Mainly treat GERD & peptic ulcers & generally dosed once daily Ex: esomeprazole (Nexium 24HR), Omeprazole (Prilosec OTC) |
| Antipsychotic | Stem -piprazole Ex: aripiprazole (Aricept), brexpiprazole (Rexulti) gets confused with PPI stem |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | Stem -mab New meds; Ex: infliximab (Remicade) Inhibits the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to reduce the inflammatory response |
| Diuretics | 5 types: thiazide, loop, K-sparing, osmotic, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Stems -thiazide (does not cause much diuresis), -semide (require more diuresis; more edema) Ex: hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide (Lasix) |
| Progestins & Estrogens | Stems -gest (for progesterone), -estr (signifies the estrogen component) Ex: etonogestrel (NuvaRing), levonorgestrel (Mirena), ethinyl estradiol |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | Blocks testosterone conversion to a more active androgen, dihydrotestosterone which causes cell growth Stem -steride (helps classify the drugs as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors) |
| Viral | Stem -cyclovir, -vir (combined) These help specifically herpes virus, HIV and hepatitis Ex: acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex) |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Ex: methotrexate (Trexall; nonbiological med), adalimumab (Humira; biological med) |
| Ophthalmic preparations | Stems -olol, -profen, -pred Can come in as a sterile product Ex: prednisolone ophthalmic (Pred Forte; corticosteroid), flurbiprofen & ketoprofen (Acular; NSAIDS), betaxolol (Betoptic S; for open-eye glaucoma) |
| Allergic Rhinitis | Stems -lone, -sone Ex: triamcinolone (Nasacort Allergy 24 HR), fluticasone (Flonase Allergy Relief) |
| Tetracycline Antibiotics & Dermatological System | Stem -cycline Ex: doxycycline (Doryx), minocycline (Minocin) for acne, diphenhydramine (Benadryl Allergy) for hives & rashes |
| Hematological System | Ferrous sulfate is used by anemic patients who do not have enough iron in their bodies Classified as minerals |
Created by:
Yari06
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