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Benchmark 2

TermDefinition
Adenine (A) A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine (T) in DNA and uracil (U) in RNA.
Amino Acids The building blocks of proteins, which are linked together to form polypeptides.
Anticodon A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA codon.
Apoptosis Programmed cell death, often occurring when cells are damaged or abnormal.
Cell Cycle The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and replication.
Cell Differentiation The process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions.
Central Dogma The process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.
Checkpoint A control mechanism in the cell cycle that ensures the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase.
Chemotherapy A treatment for cancer that uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells, including both cancerous and normal cells.
Codon A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Contact Inhibition The process by which normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with other cells.
Cytoplasm The part of the cell outside the nucleus, where translation occurs.
Cytosine (C) A nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine (G).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Eukaryotic Cells Cells that have a nucleus and membrane
G1 Phase The first gap phase in the cell cycle, where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.
G2 Phase The second gap phase, where the cell prepares for mitosis.
Gene Expression The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, usually a protein.
Gene Regulatory Region A region of DNA that controls the transcription of a gene, often influenced by transcription factors.
Golgi Complex The organelle involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion.
Guanine (G) A nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA that pairs with cytosine (C).
M Phase The phase of the cell cycle where mitosis (cell division) occurs.
mRNA (messenger RNA) A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Mutation A change in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function.
Nitrogen Deficiency A condition where there is insufficient nitrogen in the environment, affecting the plant’s ability to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids.
Nucleotide The building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleus The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s DNA.
Polypeptide A chain of amino acids that folds into a functional protein.
Prokaryotic Cells Cells that do not have a nucleus, such as bacteria.
Ribosome A cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis.
RNA Interference A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
RNA Polymerase The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
S Phase The phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated.
Thymine (T) A nitrogenous base in DNA that pairs with adenine (A); not found in RNA.
Transcription The process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template.
Translation The process by which mRNA is decoded to form a polypeptide chain (protein) at the ribosome.
tRNA (transfer RNA) A type of RNA that helps decode mRNA into a protein during translation.
Created by: brookebiery
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