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HK 154 Exam 3 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mandatory/Intrinsic aging | Process we do NOT control! Results in deterioration of physiological process and loss of function/cell death with age. |
| Facultative/Extrinsic Aging: | Process we DO control! Made of personal social and lifestyle choices that occur on community and individual levels. |
| Changes that Effect Aging | Decrease in sensations, muscle mass/physical capacity, mental/organ functions, and bone mineral density |
| Sarcopenia | Loss of lean body mass associated with aging |
| Benefits to PA & Aging | Lowers and reduces dementia risk, anxiety/depression symptoms. Provides better QoL and opportunities for social engagement |
| Older Adult PA Guidelines | At least 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity exercise; with muscle strengthening/balance training activities at least twice a week. |
| Cardiovascular disease | Range of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. |
| What diseases are included in CD | Hypertension, CHD/CAD, atherosclerosis, PAD, angina, heart attack/stroke, aneurysm, etc. |
| Leading cause of death in the US | Coronary heart disease |
| Non-modifiable risk factors of CVD | Old age, males, family history, certain races/ethnicities. |
| Modifiable Risk Factors of CVD | High Blood pressure/cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, overweight/obese, inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. |
| Function of cardiovascular system | Transport oxygen, nutrients and waste products. |
| Normal Heart Rate | 60-100 beats/minute |
| Bradycardia | SA node fires < 60 bpm. (exercise-induced) |
| Tachycardia | SA node fires > 100 bpm. |
| Systole | Contraction phase |
| Diastole | Relaxation phase |
| Blood Pressure | Created by blood pushing against walls of arteries. Measured in mmHg and rises/falls throughout the day. |
| Normal Blood Pressure | 120/80 mmHg |
| Atherosclerosis | Process that deposits fatty substances/cholesterol/cellular waste products/calcium; that can build-up in inner lining of artery. |
| Consequences of atherosclerosis | Overtime can cause reduced blood flow/supply. Plaques can ruptures causing blood clots. |
| Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) | Atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries. Lack of blood supply to extremities. |
| Angina | Chest (or shoulder/arm/neck) pain that is ONLY a symptom. Caused by lack of oxygen to the heart. |
| Lifestyle changes to manage CVD | Diet (limit salt/sugar/fats), smoking cessation, stress management. |
| PA & CVD | Delivers MORE oxygen to heart and brain. Influences blood pressure, body fat/cholesterol levels, diabetes and stress. |
| PA vs Mortality from CVD | Inactivity (most prevalent) has a 2-4 times greater inverse relationship with exercise and death rate. |
| Type I Diabetes | Autoimmune disease that destroys pancreatic beta cells (which produce insulin). Creates for too much glucose in blood. |
| Type II Diabetes | Body produces enough insulin, but cells are less sensitive to it. Creates too much glucose in blood. (90-95% of cases) |
| Prediabetes | Serious health condition with high blood sugar levels, but not high enough to be Type II diabetes. |
| Gestational Diabetes | Develops during pregnancy and typically goes away after birth. High blood glucose CAN affect the baby! |
| Insulin Deficiency | Occurs when not enough insulin is produced. (Type ONE Diabetes) |
| Insulin Resistance | Occurs when body does not respond to insulin produced. (Type TWO Diabetes) |
| Insulin | Hormone that controls glucose homeostasis. |
| Produces and Releases Insulin | Pancreas |
| Stimulates Release of Insulin | Glucagon; increases blood sugar levels. |
| Risk Factors of Type I Diabetes | Genetics, Family History and Viral exposure. |
| Risk Factors of Type II Diabetes | Obesity, Genetics/family history, Physical inactivity, Smoking, High cholesterol/blood pressure, Race/ethnicity. |
| Gestational Diabetes effects on fetus | Blood glucose travels through placenta and gives baby high levels; baby’s pancreas creates extra insulin to remove excess; baby gets more energy, which is stored as fat. |
| Metabolic Syndrome | Cluster of conditions that increases risk of heart disease, strokes and diabetes. |
| Metabolic Syndrome Conditions | Hypertension, High blood sugar levels, Excess abdominal fat and Abnormal cholesterol levels. |
| PA Effect on Type II Diabetes | Inverse relationship and Dose-responsive. |
| Direct Effects of PA with Type II | Improves body’s response to insulin and glucose. |
| Indirect Effects of PA with Type II | Maintains and reduces weight. |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | Progressive damage and loss of function in kidneys. Build-up of fluid/body waste or causes electrolyte problems. |
| Modifiable Risk Factors to CKD | Age, Female, Ethnicity (Black, Native American, Asian), Family history, Diabetes, abnormal kidney structure. |
| Non-modifiable Risk Factors to CKD | Diabetes, Smoking, Obesity, High sodium, High Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular disease. |
| Non-dialysis PA & CKD | Small increase in regular PA can improve QoL and health. |
| Dialysis PA & CKD | Regular PA decreases risk and death. |
| Cancer | 2nd leading cause of death in the US. Caused by abnormal/uncontrolled cell growth. |
| Carcinogenesis | Cancer cell development resulting from gene mutation. |
| Inherited Cancer Cell Development | Caused from parents. |
| Sporadic Cancer Cell Development | Caused by change or occurrence from life that can build up over time. |
| Invasion | Spreading of cancer cells that is DIRECT migration into tissues |
| Metastasis | Spreading of cancer cells that penetrates lymphatic and blood vessels and reaches other tissues around the body. |
| Risk Factors of Colon Cancer | Dietary fat intake and physical inactivity. |
| Risk Factors of Skin Cancer | UV radiation and scars/burns. |
| Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer: | Age (80% cases in men > 65) |
| Risk Factors of Lung Cancer | Smoking (10-20x greater risk) Exposure to air pollution, radon, and asbestos. |
| Risk Factors of Breast Cancer | Reproductive/Menstrual History (No children), Being overweight/obese after menopause. |
| 60% of tumors and cancer mortality | Occurs in adults 65+, and most have morbid disease that complicates treatment. |
| Side Effects of Cancer Treatments | Largely depends on dose, site, and type of treatment; Effects can last up to 10 years and may consist of fatigue, nausea, hair loss, cognitive dysfunction, decreased immune function. |
| Primary Prevention of Cancer: | No smoking, Healthy diet, Be active, Avoid radiation/chemical exposure, Wear sunscreen |
| Secondary Prevention of Cancer | Get screened to find precancerous cells early to remove before metastasis. |
| Tertiary Prevention of Cancer | Physical activity to decrease the risk/severity of co-morbidities during/after treatment |
| Modifiable Risk Factors: | What we CAN change; Obesity/diet, Smoking, Environment*, Physical inactivity |
| Non-Modifiable Risk Factors | What we can NOT change; Age, Genetics, Ethnicity/race, Sex |
| Physical Activity | Bodily movement produced by contracting skeletal muscles with increases in energy expenditure above resting levels. |
| Exercise | Planned, structured, and repetitive PE (subset of PA) |
| PA v. Exercise | All exercise is PA, but NOT all PA is exercise! |
| PA benefit: Reduces risk of | Premature death and Chronic diseases |
| PA benefit: Enhances | Weight management, Well-being/mood, Muscle/Bone health, Cognitive/Physical function |
| PA Adult Guidelines Aerobic | 150-300 minutes at least 2x per week. |
| PA Adult Guidelines Resistance Training | 2 or more days/week for total. (3 days/week = untrained) (4-6 days/week = trained) |
| Older Adults (65+) Guidelines: | At least 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity & Muscle strengthening activities 2+ days/week |
| F (Frequency) | Number of sessions a week |
| I (Intensity) | Difficulty/stress level of each exercise session |
| T (Time) | Duration of each exercise session |
| T (Type) | Activity performed during each exercise session |
Created by:
maggiemooz
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