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Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Semantic Memory | Memory for facts and general knowledge. |
| Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory | Memory that influences behavior unconsciously without intentional recollection |
| Procedural/Motor Memory | Memory for how to perform tasks, such as riding a bike or typing. |
| Priming | Enhanced recall of information due to previous exposure to related stimuli. |
| Conditioning | Learning associations between stimuli and responses. |
| Working Memory | The ability to hold and manipulate information temporarily for tasks. |
| Declarative/Explicit Memory | Memory that involves conscious recollection of facts and events. |
| Episodic Memory | Memory for personal experiences and specific events |
| Knowing how to drive a car without consciously thinking about every movement. | Procedural/Motor Memory |
| Feeling more likely to complete the word "apple" after seeing the word "fruit" earlier. | Priming |
| Remembering that Paris is the capital of France. | Semantic Memory |
| Learning to flinch at the sound of a bell because it has been paired with a loud noise. | Conditioning |
| Mentally solving a math problem using numbers held in your head. | Working Memory |
| Recollecting the details of your birthday party from last year. | Episodic Memory |
| Recalling the year the Declaration of Independence was signed. | Declarative / Explicit Memory |
| Automatically adjusting your posture while balancing on a surfboard without thinking. | Nondeclarative / Implicit Memory |
| Chunking (Definition) | Grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to aid memory. |
| Self-Referent Encoding (Definition) | Relating information to yourself to make it more personally meaningful and memorable. |
| Chunking | Remembering a phone number as "123-456-7890" (area code + [first 3 #s] + [last 4 #s]) instead of ten separate digits. |
| Self-Referent Encoding | Learning about a psychological phenomena and realizing that you have personally acted in this way before. |
| Organization (Definition) | Structuring information into categories or patterns to enhance recall. |
| Organization | Grouping grocery items by type, such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy. |
| Distinctiveness (Definition) | Highlighting the uniqueness of information to make it stand out in memory. |
| Distinctiveness | Remembering the name "Zephyr" more easily than "John" because it is unusual. |
| Testing Effect (Definition) | Improved memory performance from practicing retrieval of information. |
| Testing Effect | Quizzing yourself on vocabulary words rather than just rereading them. |
| Shallow Processing (Definition) | Focusing on superficial details, such as appearance or sound, rather than meaning. |
| Shallow Processing | Remembering a word by its font or color instead of its definition. |
| Deep Processing (Definition) | Analyzing information for its meaning and connections, which enhances retention. |
| Deep Processing | While learning about photosynthesis, you connect the process to your garden plants, thinking about how sunlight impacts plant growth and survival. |
| Massed Practice (Definition) | Studying intensively in one session without breaks ("cramming"). |
| Massed Practice | Reviewing an entire semester's material the night before an exam. |
| Spaced Practice (Definition) | Distributing study sessions over time to improve long-term memory. |
| Spaced Practice | Studying for 30 minutes each day for a week before a test. |
| State-Dependent Memory (Definition) | Improved recall when in the same physical or emotional state as during encoding (or learning). |
| State-Dependent Memory | Remembering why you were mad at a friend when you are extremely angry because you were extremely angry when you first learned about it. |
| Context-Dependent Memory (Definition) | Improved recall when in the same environment as during encoding (or learning). |
| Context-Dependent Memory | Remembering lecture material better when taking the test in the same classroom. |
| Sensory Register | Memory system that works for a very brief period of time that stores a record of information received by receptor cells until the information is selected for further processing or discarded |
| Serial Position Effect | The effect an item’s position on a list has on how well it is recalled |
| Primacy Effect | The concept that the first items in a list receive a great deal of rehearsal, and are, thus, more likely to be transferred into long-term memory. |
| Recency Effect | The concept that people tend to report the last items of a list first while those items are still in their working memory. |
| Prospective Memory | Memory for tasks to be completed in the future |
| Information Processing Model | Long-term memory is a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information |
| Shallow Processing | Focuses on the physical features of an item rather than its meaning. |
| Deep Processing | Focuses on the meaning of an item and involves forming associations between old and new information, |
| Retrieval | The process of getting (“retrieving”) information out of memory storage. |
| Interference | Some information blocks or disrupts the recall of other information, is believed to be a primary source of forgetting. |
| Retroactive Interference | New information blocks or disrupts retrieval of older information. |
| Proactive Interference | Old, previously learned memories intrude with the recall of newer memories. |
| Retrieval-Induced Forgetting | Someone has many memories associated with a cue, and we selectively rehearse only one or two of those memories. |
| Encoding Specificity | States that the most effective cues at retrieval are those that match the cues present at encoding. |
| Biases at Encoding | When arousal (state of alertness) is high, people tend to narrow their focus to only certain aspects of an event. |
| Reminiscence Bump | Heightened memory for personal, cultural, and historical events that occurred during our late adolescence and early adulthood (roughly between the ages of 15 and 30) |
| Flashbulb Memory | A term used to refer to the recollection of extremely significant personal or historical events. |
| Prospective Memory | The intention to carry out a psychological or physical act in the future. |
| How does chunking improve working memory performance? a. It increases sensory memory duration. b. It organizes information into larger, meaningful units. c. It uses implicit memory processes. d. It eliminates interference. | B. It organizes information into larger, meaningful units. |
| What type of encoding is most effective for transferring information to long-term memory? a. Visual encoding b. Acoustic encoding c. Semantic encoding d. Maintenance rehearsal | C. Semantic encoding |
| Why is distributed practice better than massed practice? a. It improves sensory memory capacity. b. It enhances encoding through frequent reinforcement. c. It eliminates proactive interference. d. It prioritizes procedural memory. | B. It enhances encoding through frequent reinforcement. |
| What retrieval method is used when identifying an answer from a multiple-choice test? a. Recall b. Recognition c. Relearning d. Encoding specificity | B. Recognition |
| 5. What is state-dependent memory? a. Memory influenced by the state of consciousness during learning b. Memory retrieval improved by similar environmental conditions c. Memory that decays over time d. Memory enhanced by spaced repetition | A. Memory influenced by the state of consciousness during learning |
| 6. What effect explains why you’re more likely to remember the first and/or the last items in a list? a. Context effect b. Recency effect c. Serial position effect d. Priming effect | C. Serial Position Effect |
| 7. What type of memory is involved when you remember to buy groceries on your way home from work? a. Semantic memory b. Prospective memory c. Episodic memory d. Flashbulb memory | B. Prospective memory |
| 8. What phenomenon can lead eyewitnesses to inaccurately recall events due to misleading questions or suggestions? a. Flashbulb effect b. Context-dependent memory c. Misinformation effect d. Encoding failure | C. Misinformation effect |
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elll
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