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chapter 13
judgement, decisions, and reasoning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| deductive reasoning | conclusions are derived logically from premises |
| inductive reasoning | conclusions are made from specific observations |
| overconfidence phenomenon | tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgements |
| availibily heuristic | events that are more easily remembered are judged to be more probable than events that are less easily remembered |
| Representativeness heuristic | deciding the likelihood an event belongs to a category based on how much it resembles a typical example of that category |
| confirmation bias | people look for information that supports their beliefs and ignore information that refutes their beliefs |
| Wason four card problem | logical reasoning puzzle that tests our ability to apply rules and check for exceptions. |
| syllogism | consists of 2 premises followed by a conclusion |
| categorical syllogism | premises and conclusion begin with all, no, or some |
| conditional syllogism | 2 premises and a conclusion but the first premises has the form "if then" |
| modus ponens | “If A is true, and A happens, then B must happen too.” It’s a way of thinking that makes sense! if Beyonce drops an album, the internet will blow up. Beyonce dropped an album. The internet blew up |
| modus tollens | “If A leads to B, and B didn’t happen, then A didn’t happen either.” If Beyoncé announces a surprise concert, the internet will lose its mind. The internet is calm. So, Beyoncé didn’t announce a surprise concert. |
| fallacy of denying the antecedent | If Harry Styles is performing, the crowd will be screaming. Harry Styles isn’t performing. Mistake: You think, “The crowd won’t scream.” But wait—what if Beyoncé shows up? |
| fallacy of affirming the consequent | If Taylor Swift is in town, fans will flood social media. Fans flood social media. Mistake: “Taylor Swift must be in town!” But no—it could be because Beyoncé dropped a tour announcement! |
| Expected-utility theory | people will make decisions that maximize utility (profit, goal achievement) |
| Framing | how you present the question |
| risk taking | when a problem is framed in terms of losses people use this strategy |
| risk aversion | when a problem is framed in terms of gains people use this strategy |
| dual systems approach | says there are 2 mental systems for thinking |
| system 1 | fast and uncscious |
| system 2 | slow and conscious |
Created by:
terrance1239
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