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What are the 3 ways cancer spreads naturally?
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What is 1 way cancer spreads unnaturally?
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Anatomy: Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 ways cancer spreads naturally? | locally, through the blood, and through the lymphatic system |
| What is 1 way cancer spreads unnaturally? | seeding |
| How do carcinomas spread? | lymphatic system |
| How do sarcomas spread? | blood |
| The more differentiated a cell is, the __________ likely it is to replicate. | less |
| Are the positioning laser dangerous to look at? | Yes |
| TD 5/5 kidney | 2300 |
| TD 5/5 bladder | 6500 |
| TD 5/5 femoral heads | 5200 |
| TD 5/5 TMJ | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 skin | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 Brain | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 brain stem | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 optic nerve | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 chiasm | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 spinal cord | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 cauda equina | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 brachial plexus | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 eye lens | 1000 |
| TD 5/5 retina | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 parotid | 3200 |
| TD 5/5 Larynx | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 Lung | 1750 |
| TD 5/5 Heart | 4000 |
| TD 5/5 esophagus | 5500 |
| TD 5/5 stomach | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 small intestine | 4000 |
| TD 5/5 colon | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 rectum | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 liver | 3000 |
| What is found within the nucleus of a cell? | nucleolus |
| What does the nucleolus do? | it is where the chromosomes make ribosomal RNA to make the ribosomes |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | the genetic material is found in this and it controls the cells |
| What is the function of the ribosomes? | to build proteins |
| Vesicle | membrane bound container that moves material around |
| Rough ER | membrane that is continuous with the nucleus that have ribosomes on the outside of it |
| Golgi apparatus | shipping part of the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | structure of the cell |
| Smooth ER | produces lipids, cholesterol, etc. |
| Mitochondria | generates energy (ATP) |
| Vacuole | Stores water to keep balance in the cell |
| Cytosol | dissolved material/fluid |
| Lysosome | suicide sac; has digestive enzymes inside of it |
| Centriole | part of the centrosome; initiates the form of the spindle |
| Programmed cell death that rids your body of damaged cells. | apoptosis |
| Refresh on Mitosis and Meiosis** | |
| Define DNA replication | DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell produces an identical copy of its DNA. This process is essential for cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives the same genetic information as the parent cell. |
| Where does DNA replication occur? | nucleus |
| When does DNA replication occur? | DNA replication occurs during the S phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle, which is part of interphase. Interphase occurs before cell division (mitosis or meiosis). |
| List the layers of the epidermis in order from outermost to innermost. | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basal, dermis |
| The pigment cell of the epidermis | melanocyte |
| The waterproofing agent of the epidermis | keratinocyte |
| ABCDE method for identifying cancer. | A- asymmetry; shape is not symmetrical B- border; edges are ragged, notched or blurred C- color; unusual or uneven D- diameter; larger than 6mm E- evolution; growing larger, changing color, or starts to behave differently |
| What are the 2 types of non-melanoma skin cancers? | basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma |
| ______% of skin cancers diagnosed are non-melanoma. | 97% |
| What is the most common type of skin cancer? | basal cell carcinoma |
| What is the second most common type of skin cancer? | squamous cell carcinoma |
| What type of cells does squamous cell carcinoma of the skin arise in? | keratinizing cells |
| Which type of skin cancer is known as the most menacing? | melanoma |
| What type of skin cancer can be spread from mother to fetus? | melanoma |
| This type of skin cancer is a neuroendocrine skin cancer and is also called trabecular carcinoma. | merkel cell carcinoma |
| This type of skin cancer arises in endothelial cells that line lymph or blood vessels. | kaposi sarcoma |
| This type of skin cancer arises in lymphocytes and is also called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | mycosis fungoides |
| Radiation therapy for limited field(s) - electrons | -2cm margin around lesion -4500 cGy in 28 fx -6 or 9 MeV to dmax -may use bolus |
| Radiation therapy for total skin - electrons | -used for cutaneous lymphoma and mycosis fungoides - protect eyes and nails - 3200 cGy in 8 fx (1,2, or 4 per week) - 6 or 9 MeV |
| Radiation therapy for keloids - electrons | -must be treated w/in 24-48 hours of sx -1200-2000 cGy (1,2, or 3 fx) over 5 to 7 days |
| Grade 1 skin reaction for 2 Gy and when is the onset? | early transient erythema and hours after |
| Grade 1 skin reaction for 6-10 Gy and when is the onset? | faint erythema; epilation and 7-10 days after |
| Grade 2 skin reaction for 12-20 Gy and when is the onset? | definite erythema; hyperpigmentation and 2-3 weeks after |
| Grade 2 skin reaction for 20-25 Gy and when is the onset? | dry desquamation and 3-4 weeks after |
| Grade 3 skin reaction for 30-40 Gy and when is the onset? | moist desquamation and more than 4 weeks |
| Grade 4 skin reaction for over 40 Gy and when is the onset? | ulceration and more than 6 weeks |
| List the functions of bone. | provide support and framework for body, allows for attachment of muscles and protection of organs along with production of RBC and WBC |
| **Identify layers of bone. Reference PPT | |
| Osteosarcomas and mets from prostate present as ________________ lesions. | osteoblastic |
| Ewing's sarcoma, Multiple Myeloma, and mets from lung, thyroid, kidney and colon present as ___________________ lesions. | osteolytic |
| How do mets from breast present? | as both osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed bone tumor? | mets |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed primary bone tumor? | osteosarcoma |
| What is the second most commonly diagnosed primary bone tumor? | Ewing's sarcoma |
| Involuntary muscle | can't control the movement; ex. smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
| Voluntary muscle | can control the movement; ex. skeletal muscle |
| What is the method behind naming soft tissue tumors? | sarcomas are based on their origin; ex. liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, etc. |
| Recall the functions of the blood. | transport oxygen and nutrients, remove waste from cells, heal injuries/infections, and regulate body temperature. |
| What is a pluripotent cell? | the embryonic stem cells that have the unlimited capacity to divide, self-renew and differentiate into cells of early primary germ cell layers, namely mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm |
| Hematopoiesis | is the creation of blood cells and plasma from stem cells, a vital process for life and health |
| A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer RBCs, WBCs, and/or platelets. | myelosuppression |
| A decrease in all 3 types of blood cells ---> RBCs, WBCs, and platelets | pancytopenia |
| A decrease in the number of RBCs or a dysfunction of the RBCs. | anemia |
| What are the components of the blood? | RBCs, WBCs, Plasma, and Platelets |
| What is the function of RBCs and how much of the blood does it makeup? | 40-45% and responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs |
| What important substance does RBCs carry that provides oxygen? | hemoglobin |
| What is the function of WBCs and how much of the blood does it makeup? | Makes up less that 1% and is crucial for the immune system, defending the body against infections and foreign invaders. |
| List the 5 types of WBCs. | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils |
| What is the function of the platelets and how much of the blood does it makeup? | Also makes up less than 1% and they are small cell fragments essential for blood clotting |
| What is the function of plasma and how much of the blood does it makeup? | Makes up 55% and serves as the transport medium for nutrients, hormones, waste products, and proteins |
| Platelets are fragments from a __________________________. | megakaryocyte |
| This is a systemic disease of blood cells and is classified as acute or chronic. | leukemia |
| Most childhood leukemias are _________. | acute |
| Most adult leukemias are __________. | chronic |
| How is Hodgkin's disease diagnosed? | by identifying reed-sternberg cells |
| Primary lymphedema vs. Secondary lymphedema | primary lymphedema is when a condition a person already has causes this vs. when too many lymph nodes are removed and this causes lymphedema as a result of having nowhere to drain |
| ______________ are the functioning cells of the CNS. | neurons |
| ___________ cells are the supporting cells of the CNS. | glial |
| This is what separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum and everything below it is referred to as the posterior fossa. | tentorial line |
| This is a protective barrier that separates the brain from the bloodstream, allowing essential nutrients to pass while blocking harmful substances like toxins and pathogens. | blood brain barrier |
| What does the BBB contain? | astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and microglial cells |
| Which cell in the BBB secretes chemicals that regulate how endothelial cells transfer substances into the CNS from the blood? | astrocytes |
| This primary brain tumor if presenting with no contrast enhancement is low grade or if presenting with contrast enhancement is high grade. | astrocytoma |
| This primary brain tumor is primarily found in the frontal and temporal lobes. | oligodendroglioma |
| This primary brain tumor is located in passageways where CSF is found, and surgery is the treatment of choice for all stages. | ependymoma |
| A brain stem glioma is also known as what? | diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) |
| This primary brain tumor is almost always benign, and has a high chance of returning after removal. | pituitary adenoma |
| This is a primary brain tumor in children that is located in the posterior fossa and tends to travel down the CSF and cause drop metastases. | medulloblastoma |
| What treatment is given to patients with medulloblastoma? | cranio-spinal irradiation because it is important to treat the entire brain and spine for this pathology |
| This primary brain tumor typically benign and involves the 8th cranial nerve. | vestibular schwannoma (aka acoustic neuroma) |
| What is often used to reduce brain swelling or edema caused by the tumor or treatment? | corticosteroids (ex. Decadron or prednisone) |
| What are the most common brain tumors diagnosed in adults? | brain mets |
| What is a normal rx for whole brain radiation? | 3000 cGy in 10 fx |
| The most common primary brain tumor diagnosed in adults is? | glioma |
| How are primary brain tumors treated? | highly customized and can involve surgery, chemo, targeted therapies, and/or radiation therapy |
| T or F. Patients diagnosed with H&N cancer tend to have a better prognosis as a non-smoker with HPV than a smoker. | True |
| What 2 etiological factors associated with H&N cancer have a synergistic effect? | alcohol and smoking |
| Leukoplakia vs. erythroplasia | leukoplakia are white patchy areas and erythroplasia are red patchy areas |
| Exophytic vs. endophytic | Exophytic are tumors growing out of tissue while endophytic are tumors growing into tissue |
| SCLC is also known as what and what percentage of lung cancer diagnoses does it account for? | oat cell carcinoma and 15% |
| Which type of lung cancer could possibly require PCI to the brain? | SCLC |
| Which NSCLC accounts for 40% of the category, is not always related to smoking, and the tumors often occur peripherally? | adenocarcinoma |
| Is adenocarcinoma of the lung more common in men or women? | women |
| Which NSCLC accounts for 30% of the category, is the greatest link to smoking, and occurs in keratinizing cells? | squamous cell carcinoma |
| This tumor occurs in the apex of the lung and can invade the brachial plexus. | pancoast tumor |
| What is an emergency case that could occur due to a tumor that is compressing the vein and blocking blood flow. | SVC syndrome |
| This is a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and discomfort. | GERD |
| What is the most common histopathology of the esophagus? | adenocarcinoma |
| This is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining and can cause ulcers, gastritis, and increase the risk of stomach cancer. | H. pylori |
| What is the most common histopathology of the stomach? | adenocarcinoma |
| What are the functions of the pancreas? | endocrine gland- produces insulin which helps regulate and store glucose and exocrine gland- produces enzymes that digest fat, protein, and carbs |
| What is the most common histopathology of the pancreas? | adenocarcinoma |
| What is the most common chemo drug used to treat GI cancers? | 5-FU |
| What is the most common histopathology of the liver? | liver mets |
| What is the most common primary histopathology of the liver even though it is rare? | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| What is the most common histopathology of the gallbladder? | cholangiocarcinoma |
| This is found in the intestines and they are the lymphatics of the villi that absorb digested fats. | lacteals |
| These are gut-associated lymphatic tissues located in the small intestine and prominent in the ileum. | Peyer's patches |
| What is the most common histopathology of the small intestine? | adenocarcinoma |
| What is the most common histopathology of the large intestine? | adenocarcinoma |
| What is the most common histopathology of the anus? | squamous cell carcinoma |
| What is an etiologic factor linked to every cancer in the GI tract? | smoking |
| What is the function of the urinary system? | removes waste and excess fluids from the body, maintains electrolyte balance, and regulates blood pressure by filtering blood and producing urine. |
| 70-80% of bladder cancer tumors present as ___________________ tumors. | superficial |
| What are the 3 stages of bladder cancer most commonly diagnosed? | Tis, Ta (papillary), and T1 (sub-epithelial but not into muscle) |
| What is the main treatment option for kidney cancer? | surgery |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed gynecological cancer among women? | uterine or endometrial |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed gynecological cancer among younger women? | cervical cancer |
| What gynecological cancer is considered to be a sexually transmitted disease? | cervical cancer |
| What is the most common histopathology of breast cancer? | IDC |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed reproductive cancer in males? | prostate cancer |
| Where is the most common route of spread of testicular cancer? | abdominal lymph nodes |
Created by:
lheard
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