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PSYCH 371 EXAM #3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Eating disorders | disordered eating behaviors/ maladaptive ways of controlling body |
| Types of ED | 1. anorexia (AN) 2. bulimia (BN) 3. binge-eating disorder (BED) |
| Anorexia Nervosa (AN) | sever weight loos due to significant restriction of caloric intake |
| AN Features | 1. excessive fear of gaining weight 2. distorted body image 3. severe restriction of calories 4. failure to recognize risks of low body weight |
| SOMETIMES of AN | excessive exercise/ laxatives, vomiting, diuretics - perception issues/ in denial to notice low body weight |
| Severity of AN | based on body mass index (BMI) in terms of height/ weight (mild-extreme) must be 15% below average weight to be diagnosed |
| Subtypes of AN (1) | 1. binge-eating/ purging type: epsiodes of binge-eating OR purging - purging= vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas |
| Subtypes of AN (2) | 2. restrictive type: extreme dieting, fasting, extreme exercise |
| More AN features | - onset ages 12-18 - majority diagnosed are women (66-85%) - most LETHAL diagnosis in DSM-5-TR - shortened lifespan (suicide + medical complications) - treatment resistance |
| Prevalence AN | women= 4% men= 0.3% |
| Medical complications of AN (1-3) | 1. skin problems- dry skin/ yellowish discoloration 2. cardiovascular problems- irregular heartbeat, hypotension, dizzyness 3. Immune system problems- sick w/ everything |
| Medical complications of AN (4-6) | 4. Bone issues- osteoporosis 5. reproductive system issues- infertility/ loss of period 6. Mood swings, constipation, low iron, hair loss, body ages rapidly without enough nutrition - permanent damage possible even after recovery |
| Starving the brain (AN) | Brain volume decrease (loss of grey/ weight matter) Cognitive impairment/ memory problems |
| Bulimia Nervosa (BN) | recurrent epsiodes of eating large quantities of food (binge-eating), followed by compensatory behaviors |
| Compensatory behaviors (BN) | Vomiting Laxatives, diuretics Enemas Fasting Excessive exercise |
| BN DSM-5-TR says | Binge/ compensatory behaviors 1x/ week for 3+ months (need BOTH) |
| BN criteria | Lack of control during binge-eating episodes Excessive fear of gaining weight Excessive focus on body shape/ weight BUT NO distortion Usually people w/ BN are average weight |
| Differences between BN & AN | 1. BN requires binge-eating, AN does not (only subtype) 2. AN requires being underweight, BN does not require it 3. AN has body image distortion, where BN does NOT |
| BN features | Binge-eating/ compensatory behaviors 1x per week for 3+ months (NEED BOTH) |
| Severity scale BN | Mild= 1-3 Moderate= 4-7 Severe= 8-13 Extreme= 14+ |
| Prevalence BN | Women= 0.9-1.5% Men= 0.1-0.5% |
| Medical complications of BN (1-5) | 1. skin irritation around the mouth 2. bleeding/ ulcers in the esophagus 3. decay of tooth enamel/ create cavities 4. abominable pain 5. heart palpitations/ tachycardia |
| Medical complications of BN (6-10) | 6. higher rates of miscarriage 7. stress on pancreas 8. colon issues (prolonged laxative use) 9. potassium deficiency (throws off electrolytes) 10. higher rates of early death |
| Casual Pathway in BN | 1. preoccupied w/ weight/ body --> 2. regid diet (goal) --> 3. Failure to maintain rigid diet --> 4. loss of control/ binge-eating --> 5. shame/ guilt --> 6. compensatory behaviors |
| Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) | Disorder charatcerized by recurrent eating binges without purging → NO compensatory behaviors → just continue to gain weight |
| BED features | Linked to depression & distrubed eating behavior Many suffers are overwegiht or obese (clinical term) Obesity- BMI of 30 or highe |
| Prevalence of BED | Women= 3.5% men= 2% |
| EDs & Culture | Women diagnosed more often than men Gay/ bisexual men have higher rates than heterosexual men Research on prevalence of ED by race/ ethnicity is mixed |
| Causes of ED | Body dissatisfaction starts EARLY Investigators find greater levels of body dissatisfaction in girls than boys as young as 8 yrs of age |
| Sociocultural factors EDs | Expectatons/ pressure placed on young women Social comparison Body dissatisfaction |
| Psychosocial Factors EDs | Insecurity + Body dissatisfaction |
| Emotional Factors EDs | AN= food restriction to relieve upsetting emotions/ anxiety BN= evidence links negative emotional states to binge-eating episodes |
| Cognitive Factors EDs | Perfectionism Strong need for control → restricting food or having control over food relates |
| Social Media / Body Image EDs | Robust body of research says: → body dissatisfaction is linked to social media use |
| Learning Perspective EDs | AN & BN= weight phobia Negative reinforcement- purging and or rejecting food reduces anxiety |
| Psychodynamic Perspecitve EDs | girls w/ AN: Have difficulty separating from families Struggle w/ forming indivduated identities Unconsciously want to remain a prepubescent child (stop menstration) |
| Family Factors EDs | Dysfunction in familles (high conflict/ control + lack of warmth) Refusing to eat → punishes parents |
| Biological Factors EDs | Serotonin imbalance may play a role with ALL EDs Genetic factors- play an important role Death by starvation |
| Treatment for AN | hospitalization & treatment team (nutrisionist, doctor) → family therapy (one of the TOP treatments) + enhanced CBT (CBT-E) → Nutritional support |
| Treatment for BN | cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)= #1 choice → interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT; psychodyanmic)- focus on attachtment/ relationships |
| Treatment for BED | CBT, IPT, sometimes Vyvanse (stimulant) → SSRIs can be used for ALL 3 |
| Recovery for EDs | 20-33% of folks w/ AN will full recover At least 20% of folks diagnosed w/ AN & BN won’t recover - BED has better recovery rates/ faster recovery times |
| Personality disorders | very rigid, maladaptive patters on behavior/ ways of relating to other/ violate some social norm |
| Diagnosis requires (personality disorders) | functional impairment and/ or subjective distress - affects 2 or more areas of cognitive functioning |
| General Personality Disorder Criteria | need 2 or more to meet general criteria/ meet specific criteria for a personality disorder |
| Specific criteria / features (personality) | 1. cognition 2. emotions 3. interpersonal functioning 4. impulse control - Fail to see how their behaviors are maladaptive - DO NOT tend to feel a need for change → ego syntonic |
| ego syntonic | behaviors, values, feelings in line w/ person’s ideal self image / goals |
| The DSM-5-TR groups personality disorders into 3 clusters | 1. Cluster A 2. Cluster B 3. Cluster C |
| Cluster A | odd or eccentric (abnormal) |
| Cluster B | dramatic, emotional, or erratic (inconsistent) |
| Cluster C | anxious or fearful |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder (cluster A) | Characterized by pervasive suspiciousness |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder Features | - interpret other's behaviors as threatening or demeaning - overly senstive to criticism (whether real or imagined) - unlikely to seek treatment - hold grudges - verbally attack someone |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder (cluster A) | Charatcerized by social isolation |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder Features | - lack interest in social relationships (loner) - anhedonia= lack of pleasure in activities - appear distant/ aloof - emotions appear shallow or blunted (flattened affect) - NO reaction to disapproval/ praise - genetically linked schizophrenia |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder (cluster A) | Characterized by irregularities of thought/ behavior; but without clearly psychotic features → looks like schizophrenia a bit |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder Features | - difficulty forming close relationships- not bc lack of interest, but anxiety - lack of coherent sense of self - share common genetic basis w/ schizophrenia - interpret events incorrectly, weird speech (rambling) - inapproiate emotional reactions |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (cluster B) | Characterized by disregard for/ violation of the rights of others/ antisocial + irresponsible behavior / harm others/ against society |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder Features | - lack of empathy/ remorse - impulsive - irratability / aggression - breaking laws - irresponsible - lying - reckless disregard for safety |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder Factors | 1. Gender --> men more diagnosed (6%) than women (2%) 2. Heavy substance use is common comorbidity is really HIGH |
| Antisocial Behavior- Criminality | NOT all people w/ antisocial personality disorder become criminals Not everyone who has this disorder is violent or do violent crime |
| Prevalence- Antisocial Personality Disorder | men- 6% women- 2% |
| Antisocial personality as 2 indepedent dimensions: | 1. Personality dimension- not law breaking, includes other symptoms 2. behavioral dimension- could be law breaking |
| Borderline Personality disorder (cluster B) | Characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, mood, emotions, a lot of personal distress |
| Features- Borderline Personality (meet 5 out of 9) (1-5) | 1. Lack of control over impulses/ impulsivity that is self-damaging 2. Feeling of emptiness / trying to get needs met through other ppl 3. Affective instability 4. Recurrent suicidal behaviors 5. Self-injury |
| Features- Borderline Personality (6-9) | 6. intense anger 7. Unstable relationships by idealizing / devaluing (“Splitting”) 8. Uncertainity/ unstable abt identity 9. Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment |
| Borderline Personality & Self-Harm | cutting/ self-harm: 1. regulate emotions/ escape emotional pain 2. counteract feelings of numbness / emptiness 3. get sympathy/ support from others |
| Prevalence- Borderline Personality | 2.7% of US pop has BPD - represents 20% of inpatient services |
| Cultural factors- borderline personality | Gender --> women more diagnosed than men Race/ ethnicity --> present diff symptoms / research mixed Sexual minorities more likely diagnosed than heterosexual |
| Histionic Personality Disorder (cluster B) | Characterized by excessive emotionality/ an overwhelming need to be the center of attention (“attention seeking”) |
| Features- Histionic personality (1-4) | 1. Dramatic / emotional; emotions exaggrated, shallow 2. Self-centered/ intolerant of delays of gratification 3. Uncomfortable when not the center of attention 4. Using physical appearance to draw attention to self repeatedly (flirty) |
| Features- Histionic personality (5-7) | 5. Interactions tend to be provocative or seductive 6. Considers relationships to be more intimate than they are 7. Extreme reactions to things/ amp things up |
| Narcissistic personality disorder (cluster B) | Characterized by inflated or grandiose sense of self / an extreme need for admiration |
| Features- Narcissistic personality (1-5) | 1. Expect others to notice their “specialness” 2. Arrogant 3. Self-absorbed 4. Lack empathy 5. Requires excessive admiration |
| Features- Narcissistic personality (6-9) | 6. Inflated view of self 7. Preoccupied w/ fantasies of success/ power 8. Extreme sensitivity of criticism 9. Interpersonality exploitative |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder (cluster C) | Characterized by social inhibition due to hypersensitivity to negative evaluation → persistent avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection |
| Features- Avoidant Personality Disorder (1-4) | 1. Unwilling to get involved w/ ppl unless certain of being liked 2. Guarded in relationships due to fear of being shamed 3. Avoid group activities for fear of rejection 4. Views self as socially inferior |
| Features- Avoidant Personality Disorder (5-7) | 5. Avoids or reluctant to engage in activity due to fear public embarrassment 6. Avoids occupational activities w/ significant interpersonal contact 7. Often comorbid w/ social anxiety disorder |
| Dependent Personality Disorder (cluster C) | Characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of by others |
| Features- Dependent Personality Disorder (1-4) | 1. Submissive / clingy in relationships 2. Rely on others to make decisions 3. Overly sensitive to criticism 4. Fear of expressing disagreement |
| Features- Dependent Personality Disorder (5-8) | 5. Difficulty initiative projects on one’s own 6. Preoccupied w/ fears of rejection/ abandonment 7. Feel helpless when alone 8. Linked to other psychological disorders (mood disorders, social anxiety disorder) |
| Obessive-compulsive personality disorder (cluster C) | Characterized by excessive orderliness, perfectionism, rigidity, need for control |
| Features- Obessive-compulsive personality disorder (1-4) | 1. Need for perfection that interferes w/ task completion 2. Unnecessary focus on details 3. Rigid/ stubborn in social relationships 4. Can be very critical of others |
| Features- Obessive-compulsive personality disorder (5-7) | 5. Limited leisure time/ friendship due to excessive devotion to work/ productivity (workoholic) 6. Unable to discard objectives even when they have NO sentimental value → hoarding 7. Reluctant to delegate tasks to others due to perfectionism |
| Differences of OCPD & OCD | 1. OCD know their thoughts are not exactly reasonable, but w/ OCPD there is a lack of insight 2. Obession/ compulsions are creating distress, but OCPD does NOT create distress 3. OCPD= anxiety NOT considered, OCD there is some anxiety |
| Prevalence of Personality Disorder | 4-16% of general population (ALL) |
| Cultural factors of PD | 1. Ethnicity= NOT enough research 2. Association between sexual orientation/ BPD in adolescents 3. Gender differences in prevalence- NO definitive conclusions |
| Criticisms Personality Disorders | 1. Degree of overlap among many disorders 2. Some behaviors could fit in a normal range of expression/ can fit some traits of each, but NOT any one 3. There is certain gender bias towards women |
| Sex Biases & Personality Disorders | Concept of histrionic personality disorder seems to be a caricature of the highly stereotyped feminine personality |
| Prevalence Paranoid PD | 2-4% |
| Prevalence Schizoid PD | 3.1- 4.9% |
| Prevalence Schizotypal PD | 4.6% US |
| Prevalence Histionic PD | 1.8% |
| Prevalence Narcissistic PD | 1-6% |
| Prevalence Avoidant PD | 1% |
| Prevalence Dependent PD | fewer than 1% |
| Prevalence Obsessive-Complusive PD | 2-7% |
| Differences (Social Anxiety & Avoidant PD) | Social anxiety is avoiding speaking in class bc fear of speaking/ their ideas Avoidant is not even going to college bc fear of rejection/ social inferiority |
| Differences between AN + BN + BED (1-2) | 1. BN requires binge-eating / AN does NOT require it, but is a subtype of AN 2. AN requires being underweight, where BN does NOT necessarily require it |
| Differences between AN + BN + BED (3-4) | 3. AN has body image distortion/ BN does NOT 4. BED is the least fatal (better / faster recovery times/ easiest to treat) |
| Perspectives PD (1)- Psychodynamic | Freud: problems arise from Oedipus complex (attract to opposite sex parent) in phallic stage Margaret Mahler: BPD seen when infant bonds w/ caregiver/ they cant hold two contradictory thoughts at same time (splittling) |
| Perspectives PD (2)- Learning | Focus on maladaptive behaviors rather than disorders of personality - identify earlier learning experiences that give rise to maladaptive behavior/ reinforcers that maintain those behaviors |
| Causes of PDs (1) | Family perspectives: - distrubacnes in fam relationships - overcontrolling parents - lack of nurture - abuse or neglect (big factor in BPD) - parental overprotection/ authoritarianism |
| Causes of PDs (2) | Biological perspectives: - genetic factors play role in development - lack of emotional reponsiveness- Antisocial PD lack of anxiety in threatening situations - craving-for-stimulation model- Antisocial PD have exaggerated cravings for stimulation |
| Bioloigcal perspectives of PDs (part 2) | Brain abnomalities - parts of the brain involved in regulating emotions (amygdala)/ restraining impulsive behaviors (antisocial/ borderline PD) - brain areas= prefrontal cortex/ limbic system |
| Causes of PDs (3) | Sociocultural: - stressors encountered by disadvantaged families may contribute to antisocial behaviors (SES status) |
| Causes of PDs (4) | Multifactorial/ Biopsychosocial Model: - complex interplay between genes, parenting, temperament, psycholoigcal factors, culture lead to development of PDs - genetic vs. environment (50/50) |
| Evidence on Treatment for PDs | Evidence supports the effectiveness of therapy in treating PDs → very limited evidnece / FOLK have to be OPEN to treatment → Most evidence for treatment for BPD → Type of treatment will vary by the disorder |
| PDs Treatment (1)- psychodynamic | Psychodynamic therapy: - become aware of roots of self-defeating behavioral patterns - learn more adaptive ways to relate to others in healthier ways |
| PDs Treatment (2)- CBT | CBT: - changes clients maladaptive behaviors/ dsyfunctional thought patterns - modeling healthy ways to relating to others/ reinforcement - EBT for BPD |
| PDs Treatment (3)- DBT | DBT- dialectiical-behavior therapy: - famous treatment --> CBT combined w/ mindfulness meditation - leading to reduce stress in the moment / interpersonal effectiveness, group therapy weekly, individual therapy, emergency calls w/ therapist |
| PDs Treatment (4)- Biological | - drug therapy does NOT directly treat PDs - SSRIs for anti-anxiety meds= for anixety/ depression symptoms - BPD= atypical antipsychotics could treat self-destructive behavior |
Created by:
lils33
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