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Thinking (Part 1)
Q/A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is thinking? | the use of mental representations to process information |
| Where can these mental representations be found? | Long Term Memory |
| What is a type of mental representation? | concept |
| Where do we store concepts? | in our long term memory |
| What is an example of a concept? | bird |
| What might be included in our comprehension of a concept? | a list of features (attributes) |
| What is the definition of a concept? | a mental grouping of similar objects, people, ideas, or events |
| True or False: Concepts simplify our thinking in a fundamental way, but we still have to stop and think about using them. | False, they're just there. |
| What would happen if concepts didn't exist? | no one would ever get anything done and we’d need a unique name for everything |
| Why couldn’t one explain emotions without the usage of “concepts”? | One would have to explain their emotions, their intensities, and even the words themselves that they had to use. |
| What is the definition of a prototype? | a mental image or pinnacle example of a certain thing |
| What is an example of a prototype of a bird? | robin |
| Why is a robin a prototype of a bird? | it is the most typical instance of a bird and what I imagine when I hear the word bird |
| How does our cognition work to our benefit? | Through our ability to solve problems |
| What is an example that we would use problem solving for? | Anagram |
| What is one strategy we can use to problem solve? | Algorithm |
| What is the definition of an Algorithm? | Logical, methodical, step-by-step procedure that eventually guarantees a solution, but may be slow to work through |
| How can we use an algorithm to solve an anagram? | trying all combinations of letters |
| What is another strategy we can use to problem solve? | Heuristics |
| What is the definition of heuristics? | Simple strategy that allows us to solve problems faster, although more error-prone than an algorithm |
| How can we use heuristics to solve an anagram? | forming common letter patterns. |
| What is another type of way we use thinking? | decision making |
| What is one way we make decisions? | availability heuristic |
| What is the definition of an availability heuristic? | A mental shortcut relying on psychologically salient or easily imagined examples rather than actual odds or factual information. |
| What is an example of availability heuristic? | the decision you make when approaching a stop sign |
| What decision do you make at a stop sign? | stop completely or to roll through |
| What is an example of a past experience that can influence what you do at a stop sign? | getting a ticket a month ago because you rolled through a stop sign |
| What type of memory is this an example of? | episodic |
| In this example, what does episodic memory influence you to do? | to stop completely because you do not want to get a ticket again |
| What is another way we make decisions? | Using the additive model |
| What is an example of the additive model? | helping a friend decide who to date |
| How many steps does the additive model have? | three steps |
| What is the first step of the additive model? | create categories to help rank items |
| What is the first step in the example using the additive model? | ask her what is important to her when it comes to characteristics of the people she’s dating |
| What is the second step of the additive model? | Rate the categories based on a scale |
| What is the second step in the example using the additive model? | assign person a rating of the traits based on a scale |
| What is the third step of the additive model? | add the ratings and the item with the highest score wins |
| What happens if there is a tie when using the additive model? | It cannot be used. |
| What can be used if the additive model cannot be used? | elimination by aspects model |
| How do we use the elimination by aspects model? | eliminate the item that doesn't fit or is the lowest of the categories given to rank items |
| How do we use the elimination by aspects model in the dating example? | if one of the boys doesn't have a certain characteristic then eliminate them |
| What is language in this unit also known as? | inner speech |
| But technically we define language as.. | A set of spoken, written or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning |
| How do we communicate? | By engaging our brains and bodies to make sounds that let us transfer thoughts from our brain to other people’s brains |
| What are examples of communication? | Moving our hands or by using visual symbols |
| What does language allow us to do? | To comprehend things we’ve never actually witnessed, and exchange information with each other quickly |
| What is one type of language? | spoken language |
| How many components does spoken language have? | four |
| What is one component of spoken language? | phonemes |
| What is the definition of phonemes? | Short, distinctive sound units |
| What are some examples of phonemes? | “a”, ”t”, ”ch”, “sh” |
| How are phonemes and morphemes connected? | Phonemes go together to create morphemes |
| How many phonemes does the word “speech” contain? | Four |
| What is another component of spoken language? | morphemes |
| What is the definition of morphemes? | The smallest units that carry meaning |
| What can morphemes be? | a word or part of words |
| What are examples of morphemes? | A prefix or a suffix |
| What is word contains three morphemes? | Mistreated |
| What is the root word in mistreated? (this is one morpheme) | Treat |
| What are two other morphemes found in the word "mistreated"? | "Mis" and "Ed" |
| What can happen when you combine morpheme? | They can help you find the meaning of a word |
| What definition do you get when combining the morphemes in "mistreated"? | treating (which comes from the morphemes “TREAT”) badly ( which comes from the morpheme “MIS”) in the past (which comes from the morpheme “ED”). |
| What is a third component of spoken language? | Semantics |
| What word is can an example of semantics be found in? | Fish |
| What are semantics? | Concepts |
| What is a fourth component of spoken language? | syntax |
| What does syntax allow for? | generativity |
| What is an example sentence that includes generativity? | “Her pink blouse is causing my eyes to water” |
Created by:
alavallee
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