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Exam 6-Anatomy
Urinary and Reproductive Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the GU cancers for both men and women? | bladder, kidney/renal pelvis, ureteral, and urethral |
| What are the reproductive cancers for women? | uterine, ovarian, cervical and breast |
| What are the reproductive cancers for men? | prostate, testicular, and penile |
| Where do most tumors occur in the bladder? | mucosa |
| What kind of cells are found in the mucosa of the bladder? | transitional |
| What do the transitional epithelial cells allow the bladder to do? | expand |
| Which layer of the bladder has connective tissue with blood vessels? | lamina propria |
| The muscularis layer of the bladder is also known as the _____________ muscle. | detrusor |
| What muscle is used for staging in the bladder? | detrusor |
| What is the outermost layer of the bladder? | serosa on the dome (top) |
| What is found along the sides and bottom of the bladder? | adventitia |
| When is the tumor considered outside of the bladder? | when it reaches the outermost layer |
| ______-________% of bladder cancers present as superficial tumors | 70-80% |
| Bladder cancer is found early typically due to what common symptom? | blood in urine (hematuria) |
| Name the stages of bladder cancer and what they mean. | Tis - in situ Ta - papillary T1 - sub-epithelial but not in the muscle |
| Who is bladder cancer more common in? | men |
| What age is typically affected by bladder cancer? | avg age is 70s |
| What are some etiological factors associated with bladder cancer? | smoking, workplace exposure, arsenic in drinking water, not drinking enough water, chronic bladder irritation/infection, genetics/family history |
| What are the 2 histopathologies associated with bladder cancer? | urothelial carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma |
| Symptoms of bladder cancer. | hematuria, changes in bladder habits |
| What treatment options are available for bladder cancer? | surgery, chemo, radiation, BCG |
| What is BCG? | bacillus calmette guerin ---> internal tx and it is an inactive form of TB that is found to destroy the malignant cells |
| T or F. Tumors found in the kidneys are not particularly sensitive to radiation and can resist chemotherapy. | True |
| Who is kidney cancer more common in, men or women? | men |
| What is the average age of diagnosis for kidney cancer? | 65 |
| What race is more susceptible to kidney cancer | African Americans, American Indians, and Alaska Natives |
| What are the etiological factors for kidney cancer? | smoking, obesity, high bp, workplace exposure, acetaminophen, chronic irritation (stones), chronic kidney disease, genetic conditions |
| Histopathology of kidney cancer. | renal cell carcinoma (most are clear cell carcinoma) |
| What are some symptoms associated with kidney cancer? | hematuria, low back pain, mass on the back, fatigue |
| Treatment option for kidney cancer. | surgery |
| What drug is often added to a kidney cancer patient's treatment? | Avastin |
| Wilm's tumor is also known as what? | nephroblastoma |
| Who is most often affected by wilm's tumor? | children - avg age is 3 |
| Wilm's tumor is typically _______________. Only _______% are bilateral. | unilateral; 5% |
| How many stages does Wilm's tumor? | 5 stages |
| The 5th stage of Wilm's tumor indicates what? | represents that the disease is bilateral |
| How is Wilm's tumor treated? | surgery (radical nephrectomy), chemo (acintomycin D and vincristine), radiation |
| What is the survival rate of a diagnosis of wilm's tumor? | 90% |
| How is smoking connected to urinary cancers? | kidneys filter so, carcinogens will be filtered and then it will travel through the rest of the urinary tract |
| Gynecological cancers include... | the uterus, ovaries, cervix, vulva, vagina, fallopian tubes, or secondarily, the peritoneum |
| What is the most common gynecological cancer in the US? | uterine or endometrial |
| What is the next most common gynecological cancers in the US? | ovarian and cervical |
| What age is most common to be diagnosed with uterine/endometrial cancer? | 60 |
| What race is most affected by uterine/endometrial cancer? | African American |
| Etiology of uterine/endometrial cancer. | obesity, anything that affects hormones, use of an IUD, family history, having had breast or ovarian cancer, diabetes |
| Most common histopathology of uterine/endometrial cancer. | adenocarcinoma (endometrioid) |
| What other types of cancer can affect the uterus? | carcinosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma |
| Symptoms associated with uterine/endometrial cancer. | unusual bleeding, spotting, discharge, pelvic pain, weight loss |
| What are the treatment options for uterine/endometrial cancer? | surgery, radiation, chemo, hormones, targeted therapies |
| Which reproductive cancer is thought to be the silent killer because symptoms appear late? | ovarian |
| What race is ovarian cancer more common in? | white women |
| What age is the average age for ovarian cancer diagnosis? | mid-60s |
| Etiology of ovarian cancer. | obesity, having children later or never, smoking, family hx, genetic syndromes |
| What are some controversial risks of ovarian cancer? | androgens, talc, diet |
| Histopathology of ovarian cancer. | cysts, benign tumors, epithelial tumors, peritoneal, fallopian tube tumors, germ cell tumors (teratomas - dermoid cyst, dysgerminoma) |
| What is a dermoid cyst? | usually benign remnants of fetal tissue from when you were developed (can have hair and teeth) |
| Symptoms of ovarian cancer. | bloating, pain, early satiety, urinary urgency |
| Treatment for ovarian cancer. | surgery, abdominal radiation therapy, intraperitoneal chemo |
| What type of tumors are more common in cervical cancer? | in situ and low grade tumors because of screenings and imaging so it is caught earlier |
| What type of cancer is considered a sexually transmitted disease? | cervical |
| Is cervical cancer preventable? | Yes |
| Etiology of cervical cancer. | HPV, sexual hx, smoking, compromised immune system, chlamydia, long-term use of birth control, multiple pregnancies, early first pregnancy, IUD use |
| _______% of cervical cancer tumors are _____________________ cell carcinomas. | 90%; squamous cell carcinoma |
| What is another type of cancer found in the cervix? | adenocarcinoma |
| Symptoms associated with cervical cancer. | abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain (especially during sex) |
| Treatment options for cervical cancer. | laser surgery, cone biopsy, hysterectomy, radiation, brachytherapy, and chemo |
| ________% of breast cancer patients have no risk factors. | 70% |
| Breast cancer affects 1 in ____ women. | 8 |
| What is the average age of diagnosis of breast cancer? | 62 |
| Etiology of breast cancer. | alcohol, obesity, decreased physical activity, never having children, hormones, genetics, breast implants, family hx, radiation to the chest |
| What is the most common form of breast cancer? | IDC |
| What is the non-invasive form of breast cancer? | DCIS |
| Symptoms of breast cancer. | a painless lump, mass, or thickened area, dimpling, pain, nipple, retraction, nipple discharge |
| Treatment options for breast cancer. | surgery, radiation therapy, chemo, hormones, targeted therapies |
| What is the most common male reproductive cancer in the US? | prostate |
| Prostate cancer affects 1 in ____ men. | 8 |
| What age does prostate cancer usually affect? | men older than 65 |
| Etiology factors of prostate cancer. | family hx, genetic changes, diet, obesity, smoking, chronic inflammation of the prostate, STDs |
| Most common histopathology of prostate cancer. | adenocarcinoma |
| What other types of cancer can affect the prostate? | small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine (nerve and hormonal tumor), transitional cell carcinomas, and sarcomas |
| What symptoms are associated with prostate cancer? | problems urinating and hematuria |
| Treatment options for prostate cancer. | active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, brachytherapy, hormones for medical castration |
| What type of male reproductive cancer usually spreads to abdominal nodes? | testicular |
| What is recommended of young men that are diagnosed with testicular cancer? | encouraged to bank sperm prior to treatment |
| What age is most often affected by testicular cancer? | younger men (avg age is 33) |
| Etiology of testicular cancer. | undescended testicle, family hx, HIV, body size (tall) |
| What histopathology is associated with testicular tumors? | germ cell tumors (seminomas and non-seminomas) |
| Which germ cell tumor is responsive to treatment? | seminomas |
| Which germ cell tumor is more aggressive and harder to treat? | non-seminomas |
| What symptoms are associated with testicular cancer? | lump, mass or swelling, breast growth or soreness, early puberty in boys |
| Treatment for testicular cancer. | surgery, radiation therapy, chemo |
| Kidney TD | 2300 |
| Bladder TD | 6500 |
| Rectum TD | 6000 |
| Femoral Head TD | 5200 |
| Colon TD | 4500 |
| Small Intestine TD | 4000 |
| Skin TD | 5000 |
| About _____% of penile cancers are ________________ cell carcinoma. | 95%; squamous |
Created by:
lheard
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