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Psychology exam 2
sensation & perception, learning, and memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ________ are typically thought to be the raw incoming data; ________ is thought to be the order and meaning imposed upon those basic elements. | Sensations; perception |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the ways we organize our world according to the Gestalt principles of perception? continuity simplicity figure-ground inside-out | inside-out |
| When a child is first learning how to read, they often sound out each and every letter taking their time trying to say each word. They start with the details and try to combine them into a single, meaningful story. | bottom-up processing |
| One thing that each sense organ must do is to change physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses that the brain can understand. This process is: | transduction/coding |
| A short time after putting on glasses, jewelry, or clothes, you no longer "feel" them. This process is called: | adaption/habituation |
| When you can see the "forest" and your mind fills in all the details of the trees from past experience and knowledge (although not always accurately), you are engaging in | top-down processing |
| Which of the following is NOT considered a complete sensory system? vision chemical hearing taste | taste |
| The big idea from the chapter on sensation and perception is that... | We create our own reality! |
| A serious neurological problem caused Gary to begin feeling as if he was "off balance" because he no longer felt as if he were walking straight. One could assume that his _________ sense is impaired | vestibular |
| According to our discussion on sensation and perception, which best explains why people feel motion sickness? | the visual and vestibular systems are sending contradictory signals to the brain |
| "Monkey see, monkey do" best explains which type of learning? | Observational learning |
| In the "Little Albert" experiment, what served as the conditioned stimulus? | white rat |
| Your son forgets to do his chores before leaving for hockey practice. You scold him later that evening when he returns (which he does NOT enjoy). This is an example of... | Positive punishment |
| What do you feel is the primary objective, or the main point, trying to be communicated in the BBC Commercial video? | That parents are the primary role models for their children and need to keep this in mind in all of their daily interactions. |
| Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning? | Your dog becoming very excited when you pick up his leash. |
| What was the main finding in Albert Bandura's Bo-bo doll study? | That children exposed to aggressive models are more likely to play aggressively. |
| Whenever I see the word artichokes I feel nauseous and scratchy. I once ordered a pizza with artichokes and had hives. feeling nauseous and scratchy from the word "artichokes" sight of artichokes hives feeling nauseou from allergic reaction | CR, CS, UCS, UCR |
| Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? Spanking a child for swearing Getting praise from your boss for a job well done Grounding a child for not doing their chores Going to the dentist to have a toothache relieved | Grounding a child for not doing their chores |
| Which of the following most likely explains someones fear of going to the dentist? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Learning by observation Learning by association | Learning by association |
| Sal has a bad headache. He takes medicine and the headache goes away. Sal feels much better! This is an example of... | Negative reinforcement |
| When Sara forgets to get all of her homework done during the week, she must hand over her cell phone for the weekend. This upsets Sara, who likes to keep in constant contact with her friends. This is an example of... | Negative Punishment |
| Whenever Meredith forgets to put on her seatbelt, the sensor in her gives off a loud buzzing noise every 15 seconds. Meredith then puts on her seatbelt to stop the annoying buzzer, making the car ride much more enjoyable. This is an example of... | Negative Reinforcement |
| What was the primary finding in John Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment? | That most fears in yound children are learned, rather than innate. |
| You give your 4-year-old a sticker everytime she remembers to brush her teeth. (She enjoys getting stickers.) This is an example of... | Positive Reinforcement |
| Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? Spanking a child for swearing Getting praise from your boss for a job well done Grounding a child for not doing their chores Going to the dentist to have a toothache relieved | Getting praise from your boss for a job well done |
| If you normally study while listening to music and lying down on your couch in your basement then you may be able to increase your retrieval of that subject material if during the exam you… | imagine yourself lying down in your basement listening to music |
| Which of the following memory types best explains your ability to perform a cartwheel or somersault? | procedural memory |
| Which best explains why information learned when one is feeling anxious is best recalled when experiencing feelings of anxiety? | state-dependent learning effect |
| Which of the following memory systems is limited to about 20 seconds in duration (unless the material is rehearsed)? | short-term, or working, memory |
| Which of the following memory systems is limited to about 7 (+/- 2) items? | short-term, or working, memory |
| The first step in the memory process is known as _______________, when information is transformed into a form that can be put into short-term memory if attended to. | encoding |
| Another name for the short-term memory system is | working memory |
| Which best describes sensory memory? | lasts only a fraction of a second and decays if not attended to |
| Which of the following is NOT a memory technique that we discussed in class? | using music and television in the background while you are studying |
| Which of the following tends to be encoded with emotion and includes very specific details surrounding an event you experienced? | episodic memory |
| Which of the following memory types best explains your knowledge of what the definition of "psychology" is? | semantic memory |
| Which of the following memory systems is unlimited in terms of it's storage capacity? | long-term memory |
| Which of the following memory types best explains your detailed recollection of September 11,2001? | episodic memory |
| When Jim takes his psychology exam on Wednesday, where must his memories of the material be brought to in order for Jim to utilize them ("remember" them)? | short-term, or working, memory |
| The first stage in the information-processing model where information is first learned and put into memory for later use. | encoding |
| Finding information in one's long-term memory and being able to bring it into short-term (or working) memory for use. | retrieval |
| This system is very brief, lasting only a fraction-of-a-second. Most information decays since only changing input is thought to be important. | sensory memory |
| This storage system is limited to 7+-2 items in capacity and 18-20 seconds in duration. | short-term memory system |
| This storage system is believed to be unlimited in duration and capacity | long-term memory system |
| The specific memory of an event you experienced such as your recollection of September 11, 2001. | episodic memory |
| Your memory of general world knowledge such as who the current president of the United States is. | semantic memory |
| The memory for how to do something like how to play the piano. | procedural memory |
| Having internal retrieval cues to aid in memory. One example is mood, when you are in a bad mood, you are more likely to remember negative events from your childhood and the bad parts of your relationship. | state-dependent memory |
| Having external cues to enhance recall. An example would be when you are in your regular seat in the classroom you may remember the demonstration from class better than when you are home studying in your room. | context-dependent memory |
| Ordinarily, material presented ________ is usually the most difficult to remember due to interference. | in the middle of a list |
| Ivan Pavlov | experiment with dogs using classical conditioning/ neutral stimulus (a bell) with UCS (food) which caused UCR (salivation).then the bell alone (now a CS caused the dogs to salivate CR. behaviors are learned thru association |
| B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning using a Skinner Box, where animals (rats and pigeons) were taught to perform tasks (pressing a lever) to receive a reward food). behaviors shaped by consequences |
| Albert Bandura | Observational Learning using a Bobo Doll where children imitated adults behaving aggressively toward an inflatable doll. monkey see monkey do |
| John B. Watson | Classical Conditioning little Albert to fear a white rat (a neutral stimulus) by pairing it with a loud noise (UCS)., Lil Al feared the rat (CS), showing that emotions ( fear) could be conditioned |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without needing any learning (e.g., food causing salivation in dogs) |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | The natural reaction to the UCS (e.g., salivation when the dog sees food) |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that doesn't cause any specific response on its own (e.g., a bell or a sound). |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | The neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the UCS, starts to trigger the same response (e.g., the bell, after it’s paired with food, causes salivation). |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | The learned response to the CS (e.g., salivating to the bell, even when no food is present). |
Created by:
mahak
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