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Sociology test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Passengers sitting in an airport gate area to board a plane are an example of a: | crowd |
| Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"? | all of the above are correct |
| A secondary group is a social group that | is impersonal and tries to accomplish some specific goal |
| Which of the following is the best example of a primary group | a family gathering for a religious holiday |
| Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group? | a Microsoft corp awards banquet |
| What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks? | instrumental leadership |
| Which type of leader is likely to use humor to lighten a serious moment | expressive leader |
| Which type of leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own | laissez-faire leaders |
| Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed | the power of group membership to generate conformity |
| Which of the following terms refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions? | reference group |
| What is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition? | out-group |
| What sociological term refers to a number of weak social ties among persons who have little common identity and little interaction? | network |
| The development of the Internet | all of the above |
| From the point of view of parents, what type of formal organization is a school's PTA | a normative organization |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the traits of bureaucracy noted by Max Weber? | favoring kin over strangers |
| Max Weber argued that formal organizations, while efficient, have the ability to ________people within them. | alienate |
| The basic idea behind scientific management is | that management can use scientific principles to make a business more productive |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization | creativity |
| Sexuality is not just about having sex because sexuality | all of the above |
| ________are people who feel that they are trapped in the wrong body | Transexuals |
| When did the sexual revolution begin | It began in the 1920s but came of age by the late 1960s |
| The effect of the sexual counterrevolution was | that more people began to limit their number of sexual partners and some chose to abstain from sex entirely |
| Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called | asexuality |
| Elite prostitutes are referred to as _____while _____are at the bottom of the sex worker hierarchy | call girls, streetwalkers |
| In global perspective, prostitution is most common in | low-income nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities |
| Which theoretical approach rests on the idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality | the structural functional approach |
| Criticism of the social conflict approach's view of sexuality would include the fact that | all of the above are correct |
| Crime differs from deviance in that crime | is a violation of norms enacted into law |
| Which of the following comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes | biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes |
| Emile durkheim's basic insight is that deviance is | a normal element of social organization |
| In Robert merton's strain theory, the term __________ correctly describes a person who gets rich by defrauding a bank | innovation |
| The basic idea behind labeling theory is that | deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do |
| Retrospective labeling refers to the process of | interpreting someone's past as consistent with present deviance |
| Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to | the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question |
| _________refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on it behalf | Corporate crime |
| A hate crime is defined as | a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias |
| Crimes against persons includes all but which of the following | burglary |
| In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components | the act and criminal intent |
| Which justification uses the threat of punishment to discourage criminality | deterrence |
| Compared with placing people who commit crimes in prison, community-based corrections have the advantage of | all of the above |
| The concept criminal recidivism refers to | subsequent offenses by people previously convicted of criminal offenses |
| One of the following statements is not true | One family's social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation |
| In a caste system | there is little or no social mobility |
| Typically, the degree of status consistency is | greater in caste than class systems |
| Structural social mobility refers to | change in social position of many people due to changes in society itself |
| While the Davis and Moore thesis suggest to each according to the importance of one's work, Karl Marx supported the idea | from each according to his ability, to each according to need |
| Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian | hunting and gathering |
| Which term refers to wages or salary from work plus earning from any investments | income |
| which of the following statements about jobs is not true | Most of the highest ranked occupations in the United States are dominated by women |
| Following the analysis of karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat | the working class |
| Which of the following terms refers to upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents | intergenerational social mobility |
| high income nations | all of the above are correct |
| poor countries are characterized by | all of the above are correct |
| Neocolonialism refers to the process by which | multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country |
| Modernization theory claims that | the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology |
| Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by | explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries |
| While modernization theory focuses on _______ dependency theory focuses on _____________ | the production of wealth; the distribution of wealth |
| Critics of dependency theory claim that | it incorrectly states that one country gains wealth only at the expense of another |
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