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Physiology 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a proteincoat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | Viruses |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | Occurrence, distribution, transmission(Answer all of the above) |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment, Stress, Lifestyle(Answer all of the above) |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis, a negative-feedback mechanism.(Answer both A and C.) |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels, maintain homeostasis, are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature.(Answer all of the above) |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | Autoimmunity |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Intrinsic control: | Is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | A state of relative constancy |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | The course of disease development |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | Set point |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | Accelerate a change. |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | Oppose a change |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | Positive |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | Hypothalamus |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. | Intracellular, Intrinsic, Extrinsic(Answer All of these) |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | Intracellular regulation |
| Effectors can be described as | Organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cycles are called | Circadian cycles |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | Sensor mechanism,Integrating center,Effector, Feedback(All of these are components of a feedback control loop) |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | Feedback control loop. |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | Homeostatic control mechanisms |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | Organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | Slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | Positive feedback |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | Feed-forward |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | Afferent |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | Nervous, Endocrine(Answer Both A and B are correct) |
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | Homeostasis |
| The normal reading or range is called the | Set point |
| Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | Autoregulation |
| A saturated fatty acid is one in which | all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | hydrophilic |
| The most important monosaccharide is | glucose |
| Which of these is not a lipid? | Polysaccharide |
| All proteins have four elements? | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Which of the following is a polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch? | Glycogen |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | Nucleic acid |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | Prostaglandin |
| Proteins are polymers of | Amino acids |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules? | Functional group |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. | False |
| DNA and RNA are important because | Information molecules |
| When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. | False |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules, _____ is bound to _____. | Organic molecules |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. | False |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | Polymer |
| What determines how a protein performs? | Shape |
| ATP | is the form of energy that cells generally use |
| Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. | True |
| Which of the following is not true of carbohydrates? | They include substances commonly called sugars, They are the body’s primary source of energy, They are a part of both DNA and RNA.(Answer All of the above are true of carbohydrates.) |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | Electrolytes |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | Salts |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of: | Amino acids |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | Phospholipid, steroid(Answer Both B and C are correct) |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | Transcription and translation |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiosis? | Two haploid gametes |
| Which of the following is an active transport process? | Endocytosis |
| RNA makes proteins by | Translation |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n) | Codon |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | hypertonic |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers? | Anaphase |
| Transcription can best be described as the | Synthesis of mRNA |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | Does not depend on cell energy |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | Oxygen |
| Normal mitosis results in | Cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | Enzymes |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n) | Allosteric effector |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | Citric acid cycle |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| Diffusion can be defined as | The net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| The result of meiosis is | Four daughter cells that are haploid |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases, including all of the following except | Karyophase |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | Phagocytosis |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | Nitrogen base |
| Osmosis can be defined as | The net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen? | Water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as _________ number. | Diploid |
| Which of the following phases is NOT correctly matched with its description? | Anaphase – mitosis is complete |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n) | Catalyst |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase? | S phase |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | The number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| Meiotic division occurs in | Primitive sex cells |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called _____ pressure. | Osmotic |
| Diffusion moves | Down a concentration gradient |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains deoxyribose sugar |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: | Chromosome number remains at 46 |
| Diffusion requires: | A concentration gradient |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | Hypertrophy |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both into and out of the cell |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | Osmosis |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | Carrier-mediated transport |
| A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following except: | Ribose sugar |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | Aquaporins |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | Filtration |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | Hypertonic |
| Which of the following terms is synonymous with tumor? | Neoplasm |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | An even exchange of material across the membrane |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | Haploid |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| An individual’s entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | Genome |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell. |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active transport |
| The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue. | Dermal |
| Which cells of the skin are filled with a tough, fibrous protein and account for most of the epidermal cells of the skin? | Keratinocytes |
| The nail body forms at the nail root, which has a matrix of proliferating cells from the _____________ that enables the nail to grow continuously | Stratum basale |
| Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the _____ muscles. | Arrector pili |
| Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cell in the skin? | Dendritic cells |
| Hair | alternates between periods of growth and rest, consists of keratinized cells, is formed from cells of the germinal matrix.(Answer Is all of the above) |
| In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? | Stratum granulosum |
| The gland responsible for the waxy secretion in the external ear canal is: | Ceruminous |
| Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin? | Stratum lucidum |
| The hair follicle is found in the: | Dermis |
| Which is not part of a hair? | Lanugo |
| Apocrine sweat glands can be found in all of the following areas except the: | Soles of the feet |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | Germinativum |
| Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together? | Stratum spinosum |
| Which skin layer is called the barrier area? | Stratum corneum |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes,Schwann cells(Answer Both A and B) |
| Which of the following is not a proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue? | Collagen |
| A tissue is: | A group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | Bones |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | Dermis |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways. | True |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? | Assimilation |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | Connective, epithelial(Answer Both B and C are correct) |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? | Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? | Is important in communication and control |
| Which of the following is not a function of the skin? | Synthesis of vitamin E |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | Basale. |
| The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called: | Nervous |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial |
| Which of the following vitamins is(are) absorbed through the skin? | Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K(Answer All of the above) |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | Astrocytes |
| Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? | Defends the body from microbes and injurious substances |
| The papillary layer of the dermis: | Produces the ridges that make fingerprints. |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? | Secretion |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | Mesenchyme |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of smooth muscles? | Having intercalated disks |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | Brown fat |
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