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Tatsuya's Lecs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three types of species response that climate change can cause? | space response (e.g. range); temporal response (occurs through changes in timing of phenology); self (e.g. physiology) |
| What is phenology? | the life cycle events that a species goes through for a period of time; e.g. for a bird, non-breeding -> migration -> breeding -> migration -> non-breeding |
| Example of long-term changes in phenology of a species? | cherry blossoms bloom in Japan; one of the longest recorded phenological changes ever; long-term recording has made it possible to make inferences on dates of blooming and their patterns |
| What is a climatic niche? | the distribution of most species is thought to be determined by a set of climatic conditions; when there are climatic changes in a certain area, species will relocate to a more similar climatic range |
| What is Bergmann's rule? | body size increases with latitudes (in colder regions), as larger individuals have proportionally smaller surface areas and lose less heat; so a potentially warming climate could lead to a smaller body size; but not always correct |
| What did the study about a species of honeyeaters in Australia show about body size and changing temperatures? | showed that the body size change is complex and not always straight-forward; species that live in areas with hot summers increase their body size instead of decrease likely because they need to deal with intense heat waves and extreme climatic events |
| What are some problems with climate change related to species responses? | species can't survive if they can't disperse far enough; either due to habitat fragmentation or that no such suitable habitats exist; additionally, the ability for phenology to track temperature varies among taxonomic groups |
| What is an example of phenological mismatch due to climate change responses in species? | birds and caterpillars used to have chicks hatch when peak abundance of caterpillars occurred; now, caterpillar peaks two weeks earlier whereas date of laying has not changed (in Netherlands) |
| What are some challenges when trying to determine risk of species to these climatic events? | spatial gaps in information (especially in the tropics); some species it is hard to gather relevant, long-term data to see changes |
| What is the Kumming-Montreal Global Biodiversity framework? | framework developed in 2020 that set ambitious targets for protected areas; an international agreement; however effectiveness varies per country and is hard across political boundaries |
| How can we measure the effectiveness of protected areas? | measure the biodiversity or rates regrowth now that there is no deforestation; however need to make sure that we are measuring and comparing appropriately |
| What is a before-after controlled impact design? | a design used in measuring the effectiveness of protected areas; for example, could look at the rate of increase of species richness in unprotected vs. protected areas; need to have data both before the protected area was put in and after |
| What are some challenged in protected areas (i.e. why they might not work)? | poor representation (different taxas are getting more covered than others, e.g. mangroves); lack of connectivity between protected areas; variation in effectiveness; poor management; lack of support |
| What can determine the variation in effectiveness of protected areas? | the type of ecosystem they are applied to; effectiveness might be larger in already degrading systems (like cropland) but actually have an opposite effect in other areas (e.g. primary open forest) |
| How can lack of support be a challenge when considering protected areas? | often lack of support from national and local governments; often reduce their support of PA after they are established; PA downgrading, downsizing and degazettement occurs |
| What is protected area downgrading? | a decrease in legal restrictions on the number, magnitude, or extent of human activities within a protected area |
| What is protected area downsizing? | a decrease in size of a protected area as a result of excision of land or sea area through legal boundary change |
| What is protected area degazettement? | a loss of legal protection for an entire protected area |
| What other factors might decide the placement of a protected area? | cultural significance; topography (i.e. developmental pressure of urbanisation) |
| What are two ways to overcome information gaps? | collect more information for under-represented regions, time periods, species and data types; derive robust scientific conclusions from accumulated knowledge in an unbiased way |
| What is evidence? | relevant information used to assess one or more hypotheses related to a question of interest; scientific evidence specifically refers to information that has been collected using a scientific method |
| How has information on conservation science accumulated over the years? | conservation scientists have been producing as increasing amount of scientific knowledge every year for the last 40 years; but there is an implementation gap - not many scientific papers on conservation have led to implementation of action |
| What are the most common reasons that science is not used in practice for decision making? | scientists are not getting the message across clearly enough; politicians do not know where the best or most relevant information is; science is ambiguous, no clear answers; policy-makers and scientists work on different time-scales |
| What is a systematic review? | something that collates, critically appraises, and synthesises all available evidence relevant to a question; use pre-defined methods to minimise bias and thus provide more reliable findings that could inform decision making |
| What are the four processes in evidence synthesis to lead to evidence-based conservation? | systematically review individual studies with evidence; quantitatively synthesise evidence with meta-analyses; summarise evidence in relevant studies; provide evidence in easily-understandable and accessible way to support decision making |
| What is meta-analysis? | a different way of combining studies; can look at the effect size from different studies and then draw a conclusion from there |
| What are the challenges in evidence synthesis? | time and effort (takes many months to produce a thorough synthesis); spatial information gaps; taxonomic information gaps |
| What are the implications of a growing population? | a growing food (meat) demand; more agricultural land (when they already dominate most of the habitable area across the world) |
| Where is agricultural land usually situated? | more concentrated near the tropics and is expanding; issue because tropical areas are where biodiversity is most affected by anthropogenic impacts |
| How can we feed the world whilst conserving the planet? | reduce food waste; implement wildlife-friendly farming; use mixed land strategies (e.g. renewable energy use on the land as well) |
| What is wildlife-friendly farming (land-sharing)? | a conventional approach that aims to increase biodiversity within agricultural land; benefits include lower energy use, higher profitability, low pesticide used; but, lower yield, more labour |
| What is the land sparing approach to farming? | includes maximising the yield by focussing on high-yield farmland which includes more pesticides, but also no less natural habitats |
| Is land-sparing or land-sharing better for biodiversity? | depends on the species and how they respond to each of those strategies; land sparing is better for most bird and tree species in India and Ghana |
| What are the challenges to land-sparing approach? | not all species prefer it; yield increase might not result in land being spared for nature (e.g. spared land might be poor quality and not have much biodiversity in the first place) |
| What do we need for land sparing to work effectively? | land-use zoning; economic incentives (e.g. payments for habitat protection, taxes for destruction); strategic deployment of technology, infrastructure and knowledge; standards and certification |
Created by:
tkeen40
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