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Abnorm Psych Test 3
Abnorm Psych Test 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
_______ disorders are becoming an epidemic in the Western world, with the number of new cases increasing dramatically since the 1950s. | Eating |
______ _______, which involves a drop in BODY WEIGHT, and ________ ________, which involves BINGE EATING and PURGING, are the two most common eating disorders, both centered around a desire to be thin. | ANOREXIA NERVOSA, BULIMIA NERVOSA |
________ refers to ATTEMPTS, such INDUCING VOMITING or using LAXATIVES, to relieve the body of food. | Purging |
The main contributors to the etiology of EATING DISORDERS are ___________ factors. | SOCIOCULTURAL |
The mortality rate from ______ ________ is highest for any psychological disorder. | eating disorders |
EATING DISORDER patterns in ________ are beginning to mimic WESTERN rates. | ASIA |
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by uncontrolled ________, defined as eating more food than most people would eat under the same circumstances. | BINGES |
Bulimics may also try to _______ for the amount of food eaten by purging, which can involve induced _______ or use of laxatives. | compensate, purging |
BULIMIA is classified in DSM-IV as either ________ type or _____-______ type, though little evidence has been found of any major defining differences between the two. | purging, non-purging |
According to be classified as "BULIMIC," how often must the patient purge, and for how long? | 2-3x/wk, 3 months |
DSM-IV criteria for bulimia also note that body _______ plays a large role in SELF-EVALUATION. | shape |
5 Bulimic MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES | 1. Salivary Gland Enlargement, 2. Erosion of Dental Enamel, 3. Calloused Hands and Fingers, and 4. Electrolyte Imbalances leading to KIDNEY FAILURES or HEART PROBLEMS |
Psychological problems such as ANXIETY, __________ __________ and/or ________ _________ often co-occur with BULIMIA NERVOSA. | substance abuse, mood disorders |
______ _______ differs from bulimia in that anorexics actually LOSE WEIGHT, becoming DANGEROUSLY UNDERWEIGHT. | ANOREXIA NERVOSA |
Anorexia IS/IS NOT as common as bulimia. | is not |
Anorexia centers around the fear of ________ and desire to be ______, and often involves excessive _______, ________ ________, and possibly ________ behaviors. | obesity, thin, exercise, caloric restriction, purging behaviors |
DSM-IV describes two major types of ANOREXIA: _______ type, which DOES NOT involve purging, and the BINGE-EATING/PURGING type, which uses purging attempts to lose weight. | restricting |
Binge/purge types of anorexia exhibit more IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR than do restricting types, and are LESS/MORE likely to have been OBESE. | more |
Anorexics also have distortions in ______ ________, viewing themselves as OBESE in spite of reality. | BODY IMAGE |
Medical conditions associated with anorexia are cessation of _________ (likely to be dropped as a DIAGNOSTIC CRITERION in DSM-V), sensitivity to ______, BRITTLE ______ and ______, and growth of _______ ______ on LIMBS and CHEEKS. | menstruation, cold, hair/nails, downy hair |
ANXIETY and MOOD DISORDERS are often comorbid in persons with ANOREXIA NERVOSA, with ________ _________ ________ being common. | OCD |
_____-________ disorder involves BINGE EATING without ________ behaviors, and many people with this disorder are in WEIGHT-CONTROL BEHAVIORS. | BINGE-EATING, compensatory |
Age of onset for BULIMIA is usually between ____ or ____ years of age, and the disorder is most common in white, upper-middle class MEN/WOMEN. | 16-19, women |
Surveys suggest that 6-8% of COLLEGE WOMEN and 9% of HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS meet criteria for _______. | bulimia |
The lifetime prevalence of the disorder is higher for YOUNGER/OLDER women than it is for YOUNGER/OLDER women. | younger, older |
Age of onset of ANOREXIA is typically around ____ years of age, although anorexia is _____ as common as BULIMIA. | 15, not |
Anorexia and bulimia occur at the SAME/DIFFERENT rates in minority populations. | different |
The rate of eating disorders among AFRICAN AMERICAN and ASIAN AMERICAN females is HIGHER/LOWER than among CAUCASIAN females; however, a comparison of the rates between CAUCASIAN and HISPANIC females indicates relative ________. | lower, equivalence |
The EATING DISORDER rate is even HIGHER among _______ _______. | NATIVE AMERICANS |
In China, the focus of EATING DISORDERS is not obesity but may be related to _______ ________, reflecting the cultural ideal of BEAUTY. | SKIN DISORDERS |
The disorders are also subject to _________ influences, with onset during adolescence suggesting a relationship to ________ development. | development, physical |
Sociocultural factors related to the etiology of anorexia and bulimia include equating _________ ________ with physical attractiveness as defined by cultural ideals. | self worth |
Studies of ________ _________ ________ and _______ ________ __________ reveal that women in these are THINNER and have a DIFFERENT BODY SHAPE than in previous years. | PLAYBOY MAGAZINE CENTERFOLDS, MISS AMERICA CONTESTANTS |
The playboy/miss america depiction of slenderness seems to be particularly focused on WOMEN in that MALES are ____ to _____ times more likely to appear on television as are overweight women. | 2 to 5 |
Research has established a STRONG/WEAK relationship between MEDIA EXPOSURE and the presence of EATING DISORDER SYMPTOMS. | strong |
The emphasis on THINNESS has INCREASED/DECREASED steadily over the centuries. | INCREASED |
YOUNGER girls typically diet MORE/LESS than OLDER girls. | LESS |
FALLON and ROZIN found that women rated their current body size as LIGHTER/HEAVIER than their MOST ATTRACTIVE body size, which was HEAVIER than their IDEAL body size. | HEAVIER |
Ironically, the women's ratings of their ideal body size WERE/WERE NOT as heavy as men's ratings of women's most attractive body size. | WERE NOT |
Women preferred the male body with out the added ______. | muscles |
Others note that adolescent girls who _____ are 8X more likely to develop an eating disorder. | DIET |
Another important factor in dieting and body image in adolescent girls is their clique of ________ (or peers). | friends |
In another study, the body image in males who believed they looked too small is referred to as _______ anorexia nervosa. | reverse |
Another body influence for males is in the ______ culture. | gay |
In groups that pressure girls to remain thin, such as ballet dancing, eating disorders are LESS/MORE prevalent. | MORE |
Families of girls with eating disorders tend to be _____-_______, with mothers who are not as satisfied with their family as other mothers are. | HIGH-ACHIEVING |
Genetic factors are involved in eating disorders, as evidenced by twin studies, although ________ characteristics that lead to eating disorders, instead of the disorders themselves, may be inherited. | personality |
The HYPOTHALAMUS regulates EATING and WEIGHT, and research on ________ suggests that they affect EATING as well. | NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
Low levels of ______ have been linked to both impulsive behavior in general and binge-eating behavior as well. | serotonin |
Biological models of eating disorders have difficulty distinguishing the causes from the _______ of eating disorders. | results |
Women with eating disorders tend to have lower _______ and higher SOCIAL ANXIETY. | confidence |
They often perceive themselves as _________, feeling their impressions on others are false. | frauds |
ROSEN and LEITENBERG noted that bulimics have anxiety about eating, and that purging may be a way of ________ ________. | relieving anxiety |
An ________ model suggests that, although the three major eating disorders are identifiable by their unique characteristics, they have much in common in terms of causal factors. | INTEGRATIVE |
________ medications are used in drug treatment of bulimia, and have been found to reduce binging and purging, although long-term effects are not evident. | ANTIDEPRESSANT |
Current cognitive behavioral treatment involves education about the effects of binging and purging, scheduling SMALL/NORMAL-SIZE/LARGE and ______ meals, altering dysfunctional _______ about eating and body image, and development of _______ strategies. | small, frequent, thoughts, coping |
_________ _________, which does not focus on eating habits or weight, is also effective with bulimia. | interpersonal therapy |
Similar treatment strategies have shown promising results for ________-________, with interpersonal therapy being as effective as cognitive-behavioral theory. | binge-eaters |
Treatment for anorexia first involves helping the client _____ _______ to reduce medical complications. | gain wait |
Combining drugs with PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS (IMPROVES/HINDERS/DOESN'T EFFECT) | IMPROVES |
Self-help procedures have been EFFECTIVE/INEFFECTIVE as treatment for binge eating disorder. | effective |
Long term results of treatments for anorexia have HIGHER/LOWER rates of full recovery than for bulimia. | lower |
As is the case with other psychological disorders, ________ may be the best method to reduce the prevalence of eating disorders. | prevention |
One approach to preventing eating disorders involves screening 11-12 year old girls for the most predictive factor, _______ _______ _____ __________, and providing corrective information. | concern about being overweight |
Even though obesity is not considered an eating disorder in the DSM, it constitutes a very serious _______ risk for millions of Americans. | health |
Not only does obesity have physical implications, it may also affect ________ and psychological functioning. | social |
Affecting 30.5% of the American population in 2000, obesity has accounted for over ______ deaths in the United States alone. | 164k |
Recently, obesity has become the single most ________ health problem in the United States, surpassing the costs of smoking and alcohol abuse. | expensive |
_______ seems to be a contributing factor in rates of obesity worldwide. | Ethnicity |
In the US, rates of obesity are HIGHER/LOWER among AFRICAN AMERICAN and HISPANIC women than for CAUCASIAN women. | HIGHER |
URBAN settings have LOWER/HIGHER rates of obesity than do RURAL settings. | HIGHER |
Cases of OBESITY are due to two forms of MALADAPTIVE EATING PATTERNS: ________ _________ and ________ _______ syndrome. | binge eating, night eating syndrome |
Binge eating accounts for between ____ and ____ of obese people. | 7% and 19% |
Binge-eating obese people are typically treated through ______ _______ _________. | weight loss programs |
NIGHT EATING SYNDROME affects between ____ and _______ of OBESE individuals seeking weight loss treatment and as many as 27% of those with extreme obesity seeking ________ surgery. | 7-15%, bariatric |
a type of surgery for extremely obese people where they REDUCE STOMACH SIZE by implanting a MEDICAL DEVIDE, removing part of the stomach or RE-SECTING/RE-ROUTING the small intestines to a small stomach pouch | BARIATRIC SURGERY |
Individuals with NIGHT EATING SYNDROME consume at least a QUARTER/THIRD/HALF of their daily intake after their evening meal and get out of bed at night to consume a ______ calorie snack. | THIRD, HIGH |
NIGHT-EATING SYNDROME patients DO/DO NOT binge or purge and ARE/ARE NOT fully aware of their eating habits late at night. | do not, are |
The spread of _______ is linked to the OBESITY EPIDEMIC. | MODERNIZATION |
The consumption of ______ ______ _______ and ________ lifestyles are the largest contributors to obesity. | high fat foods |
This ________ environment interacts with people's _________, __________, and ____________ to cause an EVER-INCREASING amount of obesity in the United States. | toxic, genetics, physiologies, personalities |
Treatment options for obesity have been less successful on an ________ basis with a greater long-term impact on ________ and _________ than on adults. | individual, children, adolescents |
Obesity treatment plans typically involve a series of _______ for obese individuals. | steps |
The first step to curing obesity usually includes SELF-DIRECTED WEIGHT LOSS programs, like those found in popular ______ ________. | diet books |
Short term ________ can be witnessed from these programs, but few long-lasting benefits are seen. | effects |
The second step to curing obesity is _________ ______-_______ _______, such as Weight Watchers, and Jenny Craig. | commercial self-help programs |
Programs such as Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig receive a much BETTER/WORSE success rate than do individual programs with 19% to 37% of people weight within _____ pounds of their goal weight at least five _______ after treatment. | five, years |
The third and most successful step includes professionally directed _________ _______ ______________. | behavior modification programs |
Group ______ sessions and _______ therapies help those individuals who are more dangerously obese, but are still not permanently effective. | maintenance, drug |
The last step for extremely obese individuals is a _________ approach. | surgical |
__________ surgery has become a popular approach to obesity in recent years and holds reasonably _______ success rates. | Bariatric, high |
Gastric bypass is another option for limiting ________ ________ and the __________ of calories. | food intake, absorption |
For the treatment of obese children, ________ __________ programs are most effective. | behavior modification |
How does SEXUAL NORMALCY differ between the GENDERS? (5) | 1) Men MASTURBATE more; 2) Frequency of INTERCOURSE; 2) EMOTIONAL ATTITUDES towards sex; 4) Men are more VISUAL and AROUSED more EASILY; 5) CORE BELIEFS-Women more EMBARRASSED by their sexuality |
In regards to "NORMAL SEXUAL AGES," when to people usually start having sex, and which age do people seem to have a BETTER QUALITY SEX LIFE? | people are starting earlier, especially in COLLEGE, and 40-50 seem to have a better quality sex life |
_____ tend to report greater number of INTERCOURSE and greater number of PARTNERS. | MEN |
How do GENETICS and the ENVIRONMENT influence development of SEXUAL ORIENTATION? (2) | IDENTICAL TWINS have a bigger influence in homosexuality, and homosexuality RUNS IN FAMILIES |
What does research say about people who's middle fingers are longer than their ring fingers? | they have more FEMININE TRAITS |
GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER occurs when _______ ________ is inconsistent with ID as MALE/FEMALE. | BIOLOGICAL GENDER |
GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER is more common in which gender? | males |
GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER differs from _______ fetishism, _________ arousal patterns, _________, and ______> | Transvestic, homosexual, androgyny, drag |
What is ANDROGYNY? | you can't tell whether an individual is a male or female |
The PRIMARY GOALS of someone with GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER are to live in manner that is CONSISTENT with ______ ______ and how they experience themselves as a _______ or ________. | inner self, man/woman |
Are the primary goals of gender identity disorder sexual or not? | NO |
Are there any BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS to GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER? Why? | No, Biology shows we are GENDERED by 18 months |
What criteria do you have to meet in order to get a SEX REASSIGNMENT SURGERY? (2) | 1-2 years in desired sex role; stable psychology, financially, socially |
What changes do you have to go through to transform from MALE-FEMALE? (3) | 1) HORMONES to control HAIR GROWTH; 2) ELECTROLYSIS, 3) FEMINIZING SURGERIES for BREASTS, GENITALIA |
What changes do you have to go through to transform from MALE to FEMALE? (3) | 1) Hormones to create CHEST/FACIAL HAIR, GAIN WEIGHT; 2) Chest surgery to REDUCE BREASTS; 3) PENIS CONSTRUCTION |
What is INTERSEXUALITY? | You look like a male but don't have a penis, or look like a female but don't have a vagina |
_______ ______ ________ disorder is when the person shows LITTLE TO NO INTEREST in ANY type of SEXUAL ACTIVITY. | HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE |
In _______ _______ disorders, the person shows LITTLE INTEREST as well as FEAR, DISGUST, and PANIC in response to SEX (related to both CONTACT and THOUGHT). | Sexual AVERSION Disorders |
In ________ ________ disorders, DESIRE is PRESENT, but the patient has DIFFICULTY becoming AROUSED. | Sexual Arousal Disorders |
MALE ERECTILE DISORDER increases with _____. What are the STATISTICS? | age; 40% of men in 40s, 70% of men in 70s |
In ______ _____ ______ disorder, also called "FRIGIDITY," the PREVALENCE is DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE. | FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL |
______ _______ are more common in WOMEN, and statistics show that only 20% of women achieve orgasms REGULARLY through intercourse. | INHIBITED ORGASMS |
PREMATURE EJACULATIONS occur in _______ males and occur _______ ___________. | younger, before penetration |
In ________ _________, ejaculative fluids REENTER the BLADDER. | RETROBLADE BLADDER |
Two types of SEXUAL PAIN DISORDERS | DISPAREUNIA, VAGINISMUS |
__________ is a RARE, SEXUAL PAIN disorder where DESIRE, AROUSAL, and ORGASMS are present but SEX IS AVOIDED. | DISPAREUNIA |
_________ is a SEXUAL PAIN DISORDER where the outer 1/3 of the vagina PAINFULLY SPASMS when trying to have sex. | VAGINISMUS |
3 Stages of ASSESSING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR | Interview, Medical Evaluation, and PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT |
How do you conduct a PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SEXUAL ASSESSMENT? | patient watches/listens to arousing material and clinician measures blood flow |
BIOLOGICAL Causes of SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION (6) | hypertension, heart disease meds, testosterone levels, drug abuse, SSRI's and SNRI's |
PSYCHOLOGICAL Causes of Sexual Dysfunction (3?) | PERFORMANCE ANXIETY has both COGNITIVE and EMOTIONAL components |
SOCIOCULTURAL Causes of SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION (2) | EROTOPHOBIA and SCRIPT THEORY |
What is EROTOPHOBIA? | Learning in early childhood that SEX IS BAD |
_______ _______ is guided by EXISTING SEXUAL ________ in the world; plays on the theory that if you think sex is bad, you are more likely to have sexual dysfunction. | Script Theory, scripts |
3 Approaches to TREATING SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | Education, Exercises, Medical |
4 Ways to treat sexual dysfunction through EXERCISES | 1) Sensate focus, 2) Nondemand Pleasuring; 3) Squeeze Technique; 4) Masturbation |
What does the SQUEEZE TECHNIQUE in treating sexual dysfunction consist of? | squeeze base of penis before ejaculation |
What does SENSATE FOCUS in treating sexual dysfunction consist of? | feeling each other's bodies (no genitals) |
What does NONDEMAND PLEASURING in treating sexual dysfunction consist of? | sensate focus but with genitals |
What kind of MEDICAL TECHNIQUES are used in treating SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION? | Drugs (Viagra), and Assistive Devices (VACUUM device, INFLATABLE RODS that can be inserted into a man's penis, etc) |
What is PARAPHILIA? | Sexual attraction to INAPPROPRIATE PEOPLE or OBJECTS |
8 Types of PARAPHILIA | Fetishism, Voyeurism, Exhibitionism, Transvestic Fetishism, Sadism, Masochism, Sadistic Rape, Pedophilia |
_______ is being aroused by a certain OBJECT or EXPERIENCE. | Fetishism |
"PEEPING TOM'S" display a type of PARAPHILIA called _________. | VOYEURISM |
People who become aroused by EXPOSING THEIR BODIES are __________. | EXHIBITIONISTS |
__________ __________ is being turned on by CROSS DRESSING (like wearing a woman's underwear and bra and being aroused by it). | TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM |
_________ is being sexually aroused by INFLICTING PAIN/HUMILIATION on others. | SADISM |
________ is being sexually aroused by having PAIN/HUMILIATION inflicted on THEMSELVES. | MASOCHISM |
________ _________ is a type of PARAPHILIA that is more common in HOMOSEXUAL MEN. | TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM |
_______ is a type of PARAPHILIA that occurs when the perp RAPES CHILDREN/YOUNG ADOLESCENTS. | PEDOPHILIA |
What percentages of both MEN and WOMEN suffered from CSA? | 12% of Men and 17% of Women |
T/F: We INTENTIONALLY develop PARAPHILIC INTERESTS. | FALSE |
______ ______ deficits, _________ behaviors, early _________, and strong _________ ________ all contribute to PEDOPHILIA. | social skills, OCD, experiences, sexual desires |
_______ _________ is a treatment for PEDOPHILIA that involves imagining UNWANTED SEXUAL PROCEDURES, including the CONSEQUENCES (like a NARRATIVE that CHANGES the OUTCOME.) | COVERT SENSITIZATION |
Do SUCCESSFUL TREATMENTS for PEDOPHILIA exist? | yes, but they aren't often used |
5 traits of PERSONALITY DISORDERS | -Every Illegal Medication Strangely Fails- E-Enduring Patterns; I-Inflexible; M-Maladaptive; S-Subjective Distress; F-Functional Impairment |
Why are Personality Disorders on Axis II? (2) | 1) CHRONIC and LONG-TERM; 2) Begins in CHILDHOOD and CONTINUES through ADULTHOOD |
CLUSTER A is the ______ or _______ cluster that consists of _______, ________, and _________ disorders. | ODD, ECCENTRIC, PARANOID, SCHIZOID, SCHIZOTYPAL |
CLUSTER B is the _________, ________/________, and _______ cluster that consists of _________, _________, ________, and ___________ disorders. | Dramatic, emotional/flat, erratic; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic |
_________ personality disorders don't often use medications. | PERVASIVE |
How many people have a diagnosable personality disorder? | 1 in 10 |
Patients suffering from ________ PERSONALITY DISORDER are excessively MISTRUSTFUL and SUSPICIOUS, ARGUMENTATIVE and TENSE, and they have a need for AUTONOMY. | PARANOID |
What causes PARANOID Personality Disorder? | UNKNOWN |
How do you treat PARANOID Personality Disorder? | COGNITIVE THERAPY |
Which 3 PERSONALITY DISORDERS fall under CLUSTER A? | Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal |
________ PERSONALITY DISORDER is known for being the "WOMAN'S ANTISOCIAL." | SCHIZOID |
*Eating disorder characterized by RECURRENT FOOD REFUSAL, leading to dangerously low BODY WEIGHT | anorexia nervosa |
Reliable data about normal sexual practices are rare because large-sample ________ surveys are required. | random |
LARGE-SAMPLE RANDOM SURVEYS are necessary for effective planning of programs to limit ______ and UNWANTED PREGNANCIES. | STD's |
A recent large-scale survey of sexual behavior showed (LOWER/THE SAME/HIGHER) rates of HOMOSEXUAL behavior in MALES, as compared with earlier data. | LOWER |
COLLEGE STUDENTS and YOUNG ADULTS engage in alarmingly high rates of ______ ______ sex. | high risk |
Sexual activity among the ELDERLY is (MORE/LESS) frequent than often believed. | MORE |
Many more (MEN/WOMEN) report MASTURBATING, perhaps because masturbation is more _________ _________ for them. | men, anatomically convenient |
(MALES/FEMALES) express a more PERMISSIVE ATTITUDE toward CASUAL SEX. | MALES |
Females report having had (MORE/FEWER) sexual partners than males and a LOWER FREQUENCY of INTERCOURSE. | FEWER |
WOMEN tend to desire more ______ and DEMONSTRATED LOVE during sex, while MEN tend to emphasize AROUSAL. | INTIMACY |
Men and women are moving (TOGETHER/APART) in their ATTITUDES, _______, and SEXUAL BEHAVIORS. | together, standards |
Today the ABSENCE of sexual _______ is considered a CLINICAL DISORDER. | desire |
SEXUAL NORMS vary across ________, and there are variations within WESTERN CULTURES. | cultures |
PREMARITAL sexual behavior is culturally acceptable in approximately (ONE-THIRD/ONE-HALF/TWO-THIRDS) of more than 100 societies surveyed worldwide. | 1/2 |
Recent studies and media interpretations suggest that HOMOSEXUALITY may have a _______ or BIOLOGICAL ETIOLOGY. | GENETIC |
As with most other complex behavior patterns, it is likely that ________, as well as hereditary _________, plays a POWERFUL ROLE in the development of HETERO- and HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATIONS. | environment, predisposition |
Young boys who prefer traditionally "GIRL" activities may grow to feel more different from _________ and thus find them more ________ or attractive. | boys, exotic |
Identical twins reared in the same home had the same sexual orientation _____% of the time; this is evidence for the contribution of (HEREDITY/ENVIRONMENT/BOTH HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT). | 50, BOTH HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT |
In one study, reserchers found that each additional _____ ________ was correlated with a 1/3 greater chance of a boy being homosexual. | older brother |
_______ ________ disorders refer to psychological DISSATISFACTION with one's biological GENDER because it is inconsistent with one's sense of ________. | gender identity, identity |
In GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER, the goal is NOT SEXUAL but the desire to live life in a manner consistent with the _______ _______. | opposite gender |
GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER, which is COMMON/RARE and more typical in MALES/FEMALES, differs from INTERSEX individuals or _________ and from the HOMOSEXUAL AROUSAL PATTERS of a male with EFFEMINATE BEHAVIOR or a female with masculine behavior. | rare, males, hermaphrodites |
Exposure to certain _______ at critical periods in utero may contribute to the etiology, though research is sparse. | hormones |
Between ages 18 months and ______ years may be a critical period for gender identity development, and learning of gender roles may be influenced. | three |
Sex _______ surgery is a treatment used only after a trial period of __________. | reassignment, living as the desired gender |
Sex reassignment surgery involves PHYSICALLY ALTERING an individual's _________ to be consistent with gender identity. | anatomy |
Current research suggests that the majority of individuals opting for the surgery generally have a (SUCCESSFUL/UNSUCCESSFUL) adjustment. | SUCCESSFUL |
Some therapists use the psychosocial treatment for the disorder, teaching BEHAVIORS, ________, and even AROUSAL STIMULI to correspond with the client's (IDENTITY/BODY). | fantasies, body |
Surgery and ________ _________ therapy are the most common treatments for INTERSEXUALITY but recent research suggests that _________ treatments to help people adapt to their anatomy or their emerging gender identity may be more appropriate. | hormonal replacement, psychological |
_______ ________ are characterized by impairment in ability to become SEXUALLY AROUSED or achieve ORGASM. | Sexual dysfunctions |
Sexual dysfunction may be lifelong or ________ after normal functioning, and situational or _______ to all attempts. | acquired, generalized |
The stages of sexual response, (_______, ________, and ________) are each associated with specific dysfunctions. | desire, arousal, orgasm |
Individuals with _______ ________ disorder associate sexual thoughts and activities with FEAR, PANIC, or DISGUST. | Sexual Aversion |
For some clients, sexual aversion may be a form of ______ disorder. | panic |
The sexual arousal disorders are male _______ disorder and female sexual arousal disorder, which can occur even when ______ is strong. | erectile, desire |
Sexual arousal disorders involve failure to achieve or maintain ERECTION in men and _______ in women. | lubrication |
Erectile disorder is the most common impairment reported by men, and they are (LIKELY/NOT LIKELY) to seek treatment. | LIKELY |
Prevalence rates are (EASIER/MORE DIFFICULT) to estimate for female sexual arousal disorder because they are less likely to _________. | more difficult, consider it a problem |
At the ORGASM end of the sequence, _____ _______ is defined as the frequent inability (never or almost never) to achieve orgasm despite desire and ________. | inhibited orgasm, arousal |
In men (although rarely reported), INHIBITED AROUSAL is called _________ ejaculation. | retarded |
The more common orgasm disorder experienced by males is _______ _________. | premature ejaculation |
The feeling of lack of ______ may be more important than TIMING in defining "PREMATURE." | control |
PREMATURE EJACULATION is primarily a problem with YOUNGER MEN; _______ _______ is more likely among OLDER MEN. | erectile disorder |
Sexual pain disorders, also called _______, are characterized by ______ during sexual intercourse even if sexual desire, arousal, and ________ are possible. | dyspareunia, pain, orgasm |
A more common problem reported by women is _______, or PAINFUL INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE SPASMS in the outer third of the vagina when intercourse is attempted. | vaginisms |
Clinical ________ of sexual behavior consists of interviewing, medical evaluation, and ________ measurement. | assessment, psychophysiological |
Clinicians must be sensitive to clients' ________ with discussing sexual issues and possible lack of understanding of clinical terminology. | shyness or discomfort |
The use of certain drugs, recent surgery and other _______ conditions all may affect sexual functioning. | medical |
Physiological assessment may include use of a penile _____ _______ for men, or a vaginal __________ for women. | strain gauge, photoplethysmograph |
Measurement of nocturnal ________ _______ may show whether erection can occur; it CAN/CANNOT rule out medical or psychological causes of erectile problems. | penile tumescence, cannot |
Sexual problems (ARE/ARE NOT) usually associated with other presenting symptoms. | are |
neurological diseases and chronic illness (diabetes, _______, and kidney problems) may interfere with sexual functioning. | heart |
A major physical cause of sexual dysfunction is the use of __________ and antidepressant medications such as Prozac. | anti hypertension |
Drug and alcohol abuse SUPPRESSES/ENHANCES sexual arousal, and chronic abuse can cause permanent _________ damage and _______ problems. | suppresses, neurological, fertility |
________ disease, such as ARTIFICIAL INSUFFICIENCY and VENOUS LEAKAGE have been associated with erectile problems in males. | Vascular |
Psychological causes of sexual dysfunction may include _______, although recent data suggest that anxiety may increase sexual arousal in certain situations. | anxiety |
Men have been (ABLE/UNABLE) to respond sexually when threatened with shock or physical harm for insufficient erections. | able |
A cognitive factor with harmful impact seems to be ________. | distraction |
Males with erectile dysfunction OVER-REPORT/UNDER-REPORT their level of arousal compared to males without a dysfunction. | underreport |
Changing _________ or affect with music may make a difference in erectile performance. | mood |
Current theory suggests that people with sexual dysfunctions react to sexual situations with POSITIVE/NEGATIVE affect, become cognitively _________, and fail to achieve _______. | negative, distracted, arousal |
Psychological theory implicates early learning of a negative _______ set called "EROTOPHOBIA" in the development of sexual disorders. | cognitive |
Negative or _______ sexual events may also contribute to sexual dysfunction. | traumatic |
Deterioration in personal relationships and poor ______ skills may also play a role. | sexual |
Negative sexual _______ or myths that reflect social and cultural expectations are more common in people with dysfunctions. | scripts |
MOST/FEW sexual dysfunctions include a combo of physical and psychological causes. | most |
An individual's specific biological _________, such as a tendency to develop _________ anxiety, may interact with psychological factors to produce a dysfunction. | predisposition, performance |
Because ignorance is a major contributor to sex problems, _______ is often an easy an effective treatment. | education |
_______ and Johnson revolutionized sex therapy with a brief, direct therapeutic program. | Masters |
The therapy includes basic education about sexuality and emphasizes increasing __________ and decreasing ________ anxiety. | communication, performance |
The methods of _____ focus and _______ pleasuring are also used in a gradual program. | sensate, non-demand |
The success of the Master and Johnson's sex therapy program was LESS THAN/SAME AS/GREATER THAN more recent results, but more successful sex therapies have evolved from these pioneering methods. | GREATER THAN |
Premature ejaculation can be treated by the _______ technique. | squeeze |
Female orgasmic disorder can be remedied by training in _______. | masturbation |
Low sexual desire HAS ALSO/HAS NOT responded to sex therapy. | HAS ALSO |
Almost all medical treatments for sexual dysfunction are directed at ________ disorder, and many are effective. | erectile |
One therapy for erectile disorder involves injecting ________ ________ into the penis immediately before intercourse to facilitate erection. | vasodilating drugs |
Penile _________, or prostheses, with tubes or pumps are surgical alternatives. | implants |
Also, ________ ________ therapy creates a vacuum that draws AIR/BLOOD/SEMEN into the penis, which is then trapped by placing a ring around the _______ of the penis. | vacuum device, blood, base |
New oral medications such as ______ have caused enthusiastic initial response, but most such treatments in the past eventually showed _______ effects and _______ results. | Viagra, side, disappointing |
While sex therapy is often effective, services and _______ _______ are not available in all areas. | trained therapists |
More attention should be focused on sexuality on ______ people. | elderly |
A _______ is a disorder that is characterized by sexual arousal toward unconsenting people or toward objects. | paraphilia |
PARAPHILIA is more common in MALES/FEMALES and it is TYPICAL/UNUSUAL for several to appear in the same person. | males, typical |
Many people with PARAPHILIAS have COMORBID MOOD, ANXIETY, or _________ _________ disorders. | substance abuse |
__________ are characterized by sexual attraction to an inanimate object or a source of specific ________ stimulation. | Fetishes, tactile |
________ refers to observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked, in order to become sexually aroused. | voyeurism |
_______ refers to sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting ________. | exhibition, strangers |
EXHIBITIONISTS and VOYEURS usually require MORE/LESS/NO anxiety to heighten arousal. | more |
In TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM, arousal is associated with the act of ______-________. | cross-dressing |
TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM is substantially DIFFERENT FROM/SIMILAR TO other fetishes. | SIMILAR TO |
Sexual _________ involves inflicting pain or humiliation on a sexual partner for sexual arousal. | sadism |
Sexual ________ involves seeking to suffer pain or humiliation to attain sexual arousal. | masochism |
A closely related condition is HYPOXIPHILIA, which involves _______-_________ to enhance the sensation of orgasm. | self-strangulation |
Sadistic rape, not classified as paraphilia, is an assault frequently associated with _______ personality disorder. | antisocial |
Many rapes are OPPORTUNISTIC; others are ________. | VINDICTIVE |
In one study, only _______ were aroused by depictions of both consenting and forced sex; some responded similarly to ________ alone. | rapists, violence |
PEDOPHILIA involves sexual attraction to _______. | children |
________ occurs when a child victim is a member of the perpetrator's family; the victim here is usually YOUNGER/OLDER than victims of a pedophile. | incest, older |
Most child molesters ARE/ARE NOT physically abusive and do not believe that their actions are harmful for the child. | ARE NOT |
PARAPHILIA was thought to be totally absent in women, but recent estimates suggest that approximately ____-_____% of all sexual offenders are women. | 5-10 |
Early experience and the nature of an individual's sexual ______ may play a role in the development of DEVIANT PATTERNS. | fantasies |
According to an OPERANT CONDITIONING PARADIGM, deviant sexual behavior is reinforced through association with _______. | pleasure |
Different rates of __________ may account for why MALES/FEMALES show more PARAPHILIAS. | masturbation, males |
Trying to suppress UNWANTED FANTASIES seem to _______ their intensity. | increase |
Sometimes the presenting client does not know the actual source of arousal, so careful ________ is necessary. | assessment |
Appropriate SOCIAL and _______ skills are also examined. | relationship |
Psychological treatment to decrease deviant sexual arousal often utilizes a ________ approach to modify associations from pleasurable to neutral. | behavioral |
Covert ________ achieves decreasing relationship between pleasure and deviant behavior by associating arousing _______ and the behaviors that led to intervention with negative _________. | images, consequences |
In orgasmic _________, patients are instructed to masturbate to their usual fantasies but to replace them with a more desirable fantasy just before orgasms. | reconditioning |
While many deviant sexual therapy treatments yield success, results are poorest for ______ and people with multiple _______. | rapists, paraphilias |
________ _________ treatment provides patients with coping skills and teaches them to recognize early signs of temptation in order to prevent relapses. | relapse prevention |
Medical treatment for paraphilics involves drugs such as anti-androgens and hormonal agents that reduce ________ levels, bit only while they are being taken. | testosterone |
Without treatment, paraphilias are _______ and recurrent. | chronic |
Treatment of individuals with deviant sexual behaviors appears promising, but _________ are not widely available. | well-trained therapists |
Gender ________, boys behaving in feminine ways and girls behaving in masculine ways, has gained renewed attention recently. | non-conformity |
Whether _________ should be instituted to bring the children's behavior more into line with their biological sex is being hotly debated. | interventions |
_______ Personality Disorder is known for being DETACHED from RELATIONSHIPS, having LIMITED EMOTIONS, and preferring SOLITARY activities. | SCHIZOID |
Two possible causes for SCHIZOID Personality Disorder | 1) Abused/neglected as a child; 2) SHYNESS |
How do you treat SCHIZOID? | There is NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT for Schizoid, although you can try to teach them that RELATIONSHIPS ARE VALUABLE |
People with _________ personality disorder have ODD BEHAVIOR and THOUGHT PATTERNS, SUSPICIOUS, UNUSUAL behavior (ISOLATED), strange ideas of reference, and MAGICAL THINKING. | SCHIZOTYPAL |
Causes of SCHIZOTYPAL personality disorder (2) | HERITABLE, some type of BRAIN ABNORMALITIES |
What kind of TREATMENT is used for SCHIZOTYPAL? | Treatment alleviates DEPRESSED MOOD, but it doesn't take away odd beliefs or paranoia, etc |
7 Criteria for ANTISOCIAL | 1) Doesn't comply with SOCIAL NORMS; 2) Violates OTHERS' RIGHTS; 3) SELFISH/GUILTLESS; 4) Lacks CONSCIENCE/EMPATHY; 5) MANIPULATIVE/CHARMING; 6) High rates of SUBSTANCE ABUSE, 7) Must be 18 and diagnosed with adverse behavior (like juvy) |
Two good examples of ANTISOCIAL DISORDER are _____ _______ and _______ ______. | Charles Manson, Richard Kuklinski |
When it comes to ANTISOCIAL DISORDER, the DSM diagnosis falls short because it only relies on __________ behaviors. | OBSERVABLE |
How is PSYCHOPATHY different from ANTISOCIAL DISORDER? (4) | 1) More SEVERE, 2) Diagnosis based on PERSONALITY TRAITS instead of OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS; 3) < rates of RECIDIVISM; 4) Not all criminals are PSYCHOPATHIC |
What is RECIDIVISM? | habitual relapse into crime |
Possible cause of ANTISOCIAL DISORDER | nonsexual AROUSAL THEORIES; Antisocial's aren't excited by normal stimulations like roller coasters |
Is ANTISOCIAL DISORDER more common in MEN or WOMEN? | MEN |
Treatment for ANTISOCIAL | doesn't exist |
Which PERSONALITY DISORDER is highly COMORBID with other mood disorders and is one of the MOST COMMON PD'S? | BORDERLINE |
Which personality disorder is characterized by UNSTABLE MOODS/RELATIONSHIPS, IMPULSIVENESS, SELF-HARM/SUICIDAL behaviors, EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY, poor SELF-IMAGE, and feelings of EMPTINESS? | BORDERLINE |
_______ personality disorder patients tend to IMPROVE during their 30's and 40's. | BORDERLINE |
Which personality disorder is ALMOST ALWAYS accompanied by CSA, which explains why patients are afraid people won't care about them? | BORDERLINE |
3 Causes of BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER | 1) Genetics-SEROTONIN dysfunction; 2) ENVIRONMENTAL factors; 3) High rates of PHYSICAL and SEXUAL abuse |
How does PHYSICAL and SEXUAL ABUSE related to BORDERLINE DISORDER? | Can result in problems with EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION/THOUGHTS |
2 Effective Treatments for BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER | 1) DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DET), and 2) THERAPIST/CLIENT DYNAMICS |
T/F: Borderline patients often SEEK TREATMENT. | TRUE |
What is DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY? | Teaching clients how to REGULATE EMOTIONS |
_______ personality disorder patients always spend WAY TOO MUCH $$$!!! | BORDERLINE |
Which personality disorder is characterized by being VAIN/SELF-CENTERED, excessive EMOTIONALITY, is ATTENTION-SEEKING, constantly seeks APPROVAL & REASSURANCE, is THEATRICAL, and pays a lot of attention to DRESS/MAKEUP? | HISTRIONIC |
What are the CAUSES/TREATMENT of HISTRIONIC disorder? | UNKNOWN |
Is HISTRIONIC disorder largely diagnosed in MALES or FEMALES? | females |
Which personality disorder is SELF-IMPORTANT, ATTENTION-SEEKING, lacks SENSITIVITY and COMPASSION, demands SPECIAL ATTENTION, GRANDIOSITY, shows LITTLE EMPATHY, and is ENVIOUS and ARROGANT? | NARCISSISM |
Two causes of NARCISSISM? | The "ME" Generation, and failure to SHOW EMPATHY |
Treatment of NARCISSISM focuses on _________ and _________. | hypersensitivity, depression |