Abnorm Psych Test 2

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Question

Answer

_______ disorders are becoming an epidemic in the Western world, with the number of new cases increasing dramatically since the 1950s.

Eating

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______ _______, which involves a drop in BODY WEIGHT, and ________ ________, which involves BINGE EATING and PURGING, are the two most common eating disorders, both centered around a desire to be thin.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA, BULIMIA NERVOSA

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________ refers to ATTEMPTS, such INDUCING VOMITING or using LAXATIVES, to relieve the body of food.

Purging

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The main contributors to the etiology of EATING DISORDERS are ___________ factors.

SOCIOCULTURAL

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The mortality rate from ______ ________ is highest for any psychological disorder.

eating disorders

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EATING DISORDER patterns in ________ are beginning to mimic WESTERN rates.

ASIA

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Bulimia nervosa is characterized by uncontrolled ________, defined as eating more food than most people would eat under the same circumstances.

BINGES

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Bulimics may also try to _______ for the amount of food eaten by purging, which can involve induced _______ or use of laxatives.

compensate, purging

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BULIMIA is classified in DSM-IV as either ________ type or _____-______ type, though little evidence has been found of any major defining differences between the two.

purging, non-purging

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According to be classified as "BULIMIC," how often must the patient purge, and for how long?

2-3x/wk, 3 months

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DSM-IV criteria for bulimia also note that body _______ plays a large role in SELF-EVALUATION.

shape

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5 Bulimic MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES

1. Salivary Gland Enlargement, 2. Erosion of Dental Enamel, 3. Calloused Hands and Fingers, and 4. Electrolyte Imbalances leading to KIDNEY FAILURES or HEART PROBLEMS

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Psychological problems such as ANXIETY, __________ __________ and/or ________ _________ often co-occur with BULIMIA NERVOSA.

substance abuse, mood disorders

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______ _______ differs from bulimia in that anorexics actually LOSE WEIGHT, becoming DANGEROUSLY UNDERWEIGHT.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

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Anorexia IS/IS NOT as common as bulimia.

is not

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Anorexia centers around the fear of ________ and desire to be ______, and often involves excessive _______, ________ ________, and possibly ________ behaviors.

obesity, thin, exercise, caloric restriction, purging behaviors

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DSM-IV describes two major types of ANOREXIA: _______ type, which DOES NOT involve purging, and the BINGE-EATING/PURGING type, which uses purging attempts to lose weight.

restricting

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Binge/purge types of anorexia exhibit more IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR than do restricting types, and are LESS/MORE likely to have been OBESE.

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Anorexics also have distortions in ______ ________, viewing themselves as OBESE in spite of reality.

BODY IMAGE

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Medical conditions associated with anorexia are cessation of _________ (likely to be dropped as a DIAGNOSTIC CRITERION in DSM-V), sensitivity to ______, BRITTLE ______ and ______, and growth of _______ ______ on LIMBS and CHEEKS.

menstruation, cold, hair/nails, downy hair

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ANXIETY and MOOD DISORDERS are often comorbid in persons with ANOREXIA NERVOSA, with ________ _________ ________ being common.

OCD

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_____-________ disorder involves BINGE EATING without ________ behaviors, and many people with this disorder are in WEIGHT-CONTROL BEHAVIORS.

BINGE-EATING, compensatory

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Age of onset for BULIMIA is usually between ____ or ____ years of age, and the disorder is most common in white, upper-middle class MEN/WOMEN.

16-19, women

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Surveys suggest that 6-8% of COLLEGE WOMEN and 9% of HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS meet criteria for _______.

bulimia

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The lifetime prevalence of the disorder is higher for YOUNGER/OLDER women than it is for YOUNGER/OLDER women.

younger, older

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Age of onset of ANOREXIA is typically around ____ years of age, although anorexia is _____ as common as BULIMIA.

15, not

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Anorexia and bulimia occur at the SAME/DIFFERENT rates in minority populations.

different

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The rate of eating disorders among AFRICAN AMERICAN and ASIAN AMERICAN females is HIGHER/LOWER than among CAUCASIAN females; however, a comparison of the rates between CAUCASIAN and HISPANIC females indicates relative ________.

lower, equivalence

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The EATING DISORDER rate is even HIGHER among _______ _______.

NATIVE AMERICANS

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In China, the focus of EATING DISORDERS is not obesity but may be related to _______ ________, reflecting the cultural ideal of BEAUTY.

SKIN DISORDERS

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The disorders are also subject to _________ influences, with onset during adolescence suggesting a relationship to ________ development.

development, physical

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Sociocultural factors related to the etiology of anorexia and bulimia include equating _________ ________ with physical attractiveness as defined by cultural ideals.

self worth

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Studies of ________ _________ ________ and _______ ________ __________ reveal that women in these are THINNER and have a DIFFERENT BODY SHAPE than in previous years.

PLAYBOY MAGAZINE CENTERFOLDS, MISS AMERICA CONTESTANTS

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The playboy/miss america depiction of slenderness seems to be particularly focused on WOMEN in that MALES are ____ to _____ times more likely to appear on television as are overweight women.

2 to 5

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Research has established a STRONG/WEAK relationship between MEDIA EXPOSURE and the presence of EATING DISORDER SYMPTOMS.

strong

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The emphasis on THINNESS has INCREASED/DECREASED steadily over the centuries.

INCREASED

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YOUNGER girls typically diet MORE/LESS than OLDER girls.

LESS

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FALLON and ROZIN found that women rated their current body size as LIGHTER/HEAVIER than their MOST ATTRACTIVE body size, which was HEAVIER than their IDEAL body size.

HEAVIER

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Ironically, the women's ratings of their ideal body size WERE/WERE NOT as heavy as men's ratings of women's most attractive body size.

WERE NOT

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Women preferred the male body with out the added ______.

muscles

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Others note that adolescent girls who _____ are 8X more likely to develop an eating disorder.

DIET

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Another important factor in dieting and body image in adolescent girls is their clique of ________ (or peers).

friends

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In another study, the body image in males who believed they looked too small is referred to as _______ anorexia nervosa.

reverse

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Another body influence for males is in the ______ culture.

gay

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In groups that pressure girls to remain thin, such as ballet dancing, eating disorders are LESS/MORE prevalent.

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Families of girls with eating disorders tend to be _____-_______, with mothers who are not as satisfied with their family as other mothers are.

HIGH-ACHIEVING

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Genetic factors are involved in eating disorders, as evidenced by twin studies, although ________ characteristics that lead to eating disorders, instead of the disorders themselves, may be inherited.

personality

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The HYPOTHALAMUS regulates EATING and WEIGHT, and research on ________ suggests that they affect EATING as well.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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Low levels of ______ have been linked to both impulsive behavior in general and binge-eating behavior as well.

serotonin

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Biological models of eating disorders have difficulty distinguishing the causes from the _______ of eating disorders.

results

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Women with eating disorders tend to have lower _______ and higher SOCIAL ANXIETY.

confidence

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They often perceive themselves as _________, feeling their impressions on others are false.

frauds

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ROSEN and LEITENBERG noted that bulimics have anxiety about eating, and that purging may be a way of ________ ________.

relieving anxiety

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An ________ model suggests that, although the three major eating disorders are identifiable by their unique characteristics, they have much in common in terms of causal factors.

INTEGRATIVE

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________ medications are used in drug treatment of bulimia, and have been found to reduce binging and purging, although long-term effects are not evident.

ANTIDEPRESSANT

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Current cognitive behavioral treatment involves education about the effects of binging and purging, scheduling SMALL/NORMAL-SIZE/LARGE and ______ meals, altering dysfunctional _______ about eating and body image, and development of _______ strategies.

small, frequent, thoughts, coping

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_________ _________, which does not focus on eating habits or weight, is also effective with bulimia.

interpersonal therapy

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Similar treatment strategies have shown promising results for ________-________, with interpersonal therapy being as effective as cognitive-behavioral theory.

binge-eaters

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Treatment for anorexia first involves helping the client _____ _______ to reduce medical complications.

gain wait

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Combining drugs with PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS (IMPROVES/HINDERS/DOESN'T EFFECT)

IMPROVES

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Self-help procedures have been EFFECTIVE/INEFFECTIVE as treatment for binge eating disorder.

effective

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Long term results of treatments for anorexia have HIGHER/LOWER rates of full recovery than for bulimia.

lower

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As is the case with other psychological disorders, ________ may be the best method to reduce the prevalence of eating disorders.

prevention

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One approach to preventing eating disorders involves screening 11-12 year old girls for the most predictive factor, _______ _______ _____ __________, and providing corrective information.

concern about being overweight

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Even though obesity is not considered an eating disorder in the DSM, it constitutes a very serious _______ risk for millions of Americans.

health

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Not only does obesity have physical implications, it may also affect ________ and psychological functioning.

social

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Affecting 30.5% of the American population in 2000, obesity has accounted for over ______ deaths in the United States alone.

164k

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Recently, obesity has become the single most ________ health problem in the United States, surpassing the costs of smoking and alcohol abuse.

expensive

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_______ seems to be a contributing factor in rates of obesity worldwide.

Ethnicity

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In the US, rates of obesity are HIGHER/LOWER among AFRICAN AMERICAN and HISPANIC women than for CAUCASIAN women.

HIGHER

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URBAN settings have LOWER/HIGHER rates of obesity than do RURAL settings.

HIGHER

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Cases of OBESITY are due to two forms of MALADAPTIVE EATING PATTERNS: ________ _________ and ________ _______ syndrome.

binge eating, night eating syndrome

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Binge eating accounts for between ____ and ____ of obese people.

7% and 19%

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Binge-eating obese people are typically treated through ______ _______ _________.

weight loss programs

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NIGHT EATING SYNDROME affects between ____ and _______ of OBESE individuals seeking weight loss treatment and as many as 27% of those with extreme obesity seeking ________ surgery.

7-15%, bariatric

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a type of surgery for extremely obese people where they REDUCE STOMACH SIZE by implanting a MEDICAL DEVIDE, removing part of the stomach or RE-SECTING/RE-ROUTING the small intestines to a small stomach pouch

BARIATRIC SURGERY

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Individuals with NIGHT EATING SYNDROME consume at least a QUARTER/THIRD/HALF of their daily intake after their evening meal and get out of bed at night to consume a ______ calorie snack.

THIRD, HIGH

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NIGHT-EATING SYNDROME patients DO/DO NOT binge or purge and ARE/ARE NOT fully aware of their eating habits late at night.

do not, are

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The spread of _______ is linked to the OBESITY EPIDEMIC.

MODERNIZATION

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The consumption of ______ ______ _______ and ________ lifestyles are the largest contributors to obesity.

high fat foods

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This ________ environment interacts with people's _________, __________, and ____________ to cause an EVER-INCREASING amount of obesity in the United States.

toxic, genetics, physiologies, personalities

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Treatment options for obesity have been less successful on an ________ basis with a greater long-term impact on ________ and _________ than on adults.

individual, children, adolescents

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Obesity treatment plans typically involve a series of _______ for obese individuals.

steps

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The first step to curing obesity usually includes SELF-DIRECTED WEIGHT LOSS programs, like those found in popular ______ ________.

diet books

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Short term ________ can be witnessed from these programs, but few long-lasting benefits are seen.

effects

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The second step to curing obesity is _________ ______-_______ _______, such as Weight Watchers, and Jenny Craig.

commercial self-help programs

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Programs such as Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig receive a much BETTER/WORSE success rate than do individual programs with 19% to 37% of people weight within _____ pounds of their goal weight at least five _______ after treatment.

five, years

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The third and most successful step includes professionally directed _________ _______ ______________.

behavior modification programs

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Group ______ sessions and _______ therapies help those individuals who are more dangerously obese, but are still not permanently effective.

maintenance, drug

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The last step for extremely obese individuals is a _________ approach.

surgical

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__________ surgery has become a popular approach to obesity in recent years and holds reasonably _______ success rates.

Bariatric, high

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Gastric bypass is another option for limiting ________ ________ and the __________ of calories.

food intake, absorption

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For the treatment of obese children, ________ __________ programs are most effective.

behavior modification

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How does SEXUAL NORMALCY differ between the GENDERS? (5)

1) Men MASTURBATE more; 2) Frequency of INTERCOURSE; 2) EMOTIONAL ATTITUDES towards sex; 4) Men are more VISUAL and AROUSED more EASILY; 5) CORE BELIEFS-Women more EMBARRASSED by their sexuality

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In regards to "NORMAL SEXUAL AGES," when to people usually start having sex, and which age do people seem to have a BETTER QUALITY SEX LIFE?

people are starting earlier, especially in COLLEGE, and 40-50 seem to have a better quality sex life

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_____ tend to report greater number of INTERCOURSE and greater number of PARTNERS.

MEN

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How do GENETICS and the ENVIRONMENT influence development of SEXUAL ORIENTATION? (2)

IDENTICAL TWINS have a bigger influence in homosexuality, and homosexuality RUNS IN FAMILIES

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What does research say about people who's middle fingers are longer than their ring fingers?

they have more FEMININE TRAITS

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GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER occurs when _______ ________ is inconsistent with ID as MALE/FEMALE.

BIOLOGICAL GENDER

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GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER is more common in which gender?

males

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GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER differs from _______ fetishism, _________ arousal patterns, _________, and ______>

Transvestic, homosexual, androgyny, drag

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What is ANDROGYNY?

you can't tell whether an individual is a male or female

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The PRIMARY GOALS of someone with GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER are to live in manner that is CONSISTENT with ______ ______ and how they experience themselves as a _______ or ________.

inner self, man/woman

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Are the primary goals of gender identity disorder sexual or not?

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Are there any BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS to GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER? Why?

No, Biology shows we are GENDERED by 18 months

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What criteria do you have to meet in order to get a SEX REASSIGNMENT SURGERY? (2)

1-2 years in desired sex role; stable psychology, financially, socially

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What changes do you have to go through to transform from MALE-FEMALE? (3)

1) HORMONES to control HAIR GROWTH; 2) ELECTROLYSIS, 3) FEMINIZING SURGERIES for BREASTS, GENITALIA

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What changes do you have to go through to transform from MALE to FEMALE? (3)

1) Hormones to create CHEST/FACIAL HAIR, GAIN WEIGHT; 2) Chest surgery to REDUCE BREASTS; 3) PENIS CONSTRUCTION

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What is INTERSEXUALITY?

You look like a male but don't have a penis, or look like a female but don't have a vagina

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_______ ______ ________ disorder is when the person shows LITTLE TO NO INTEREST in ANY type of SEXUAL ACTIVITY.

HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE

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In _______ _______ disorders, the person shows LITTLE INTEREST as well as FEAR, DISGUST, and PANIC in response to SEX (related to both CONTACT and THOUGHT).

Sexual AVERSION Disorders

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In ________ ________ disorders, DESIRE is PRESENT, but the patient has DIFFICULTY becoming AROUSED.

Sexual Arousal Disorders

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MALE ERECTILE DISORDER increases with _____. What are the STATISTICS?

age; 40% of men in 40s, 70% of men in 70s

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In ______ _____ ______ disorder, also called "FRIGIDITY," the PREVALENCE is DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE.

FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL

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______ _______ are more common in WOMEN, and statistics show that only 20% of women achieve orgasms REGULARLY through intercourse.

INHIBITED ORGASMS

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PREMATURE EJACULATIONS occur in _______ males and occur _______ ___________.

younger, before penetration

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In ________ _________, ejaculative fluids REENTER the BLADDER.

RETROBLADE BLADDER

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Two types of SEXUAL PAIN DISORDERS

DISPAREUNIA, VAGINISMUS

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__________ is a RARE, SEXUAL PAIN disorder where DESIRE, AROUSAL, and ORGASMS are present but SEX IS AVOIDED.

DISPAREUNIA

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_________ is a SEXUAL PAIN DISORDER where the outer 1/3 of the vagina PAINFULLY SPASMS when trying to have sex.

VAGINISMUS

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3 Stages of ASSESSING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Interview, Medical Evaluation, and PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

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How do you conduct a PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SEXUAL ASSESSMENT?

patient watches/listens to arousing material and clinician measures blood flow

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BIOLOGICAL Causes of SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION (6)

hypertension, heart disease meds, testosterone levels, drug abuse, SSRI's and SNRI's

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PSYCHOLOGICAL Causes of Sexual Dysfunction (3?)

PERFORMANCE ANXIETY has both COGNITIVE and EMOTIONAL components

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SOCIOCULTURAL Causes of SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION (2)

EROTOPHOBIA and SCRIPT THEORY

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What is EROTOPHOBIA?

Learning in early childhood that SEX IS BAD

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_______ _______ is guided by EXISTING SEXUAL ________ in the world; plays on the theory that if you think sex is bad, you are more likely to have sexual dysfunction.

Script Theory, scripts

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3 Approaches to TREATING SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

Education, Exercises, Medical

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4 Ways to treat sexual dysfunction through EXERCISES

1) Sensate focus, 2) Nondemand Pleasuring; 3) Squeeze Technique; 4) Masturbation

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What does the SQUEEZE TECHNIQUE in treating sexual dysfunction consist of?

squeeze base of penis before ejaculation

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What does SENSATE FOCUS in treating sexual dysfunction consist of?

feeling each other's bodies (no genitals)

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What does NONDEMAND PLEASURING in treating sexual dysfunction consist of?

sensate focus but with genitals

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What kind of MEDICAL TECHNIQUES are used in treating SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION?

Drugs (Viagra), and Assistive Devices (VACUUM device, INFLATABLE RODS that can be inserted into a man's penis, etc)

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What is PARAPHILIA?

Sexual attraction to INAPPROPRIATE PEOPLE or OBJECTS

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8 Types of PARAPHILIA

Fetishism, Voyeurism, Exhibitionism, Transvestic Fetishism, Sadism, Masochism, Sadistic Rape, Pedophilia

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_______ is being aroused by a certain OBJECT or EXPERIENCE.

Fetishism

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"PEEPING TOM'S" display a type of PARAPHILIA called _________.

VOYEURISM

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People who become aroused by EXPOSING THEIR BODIES are __________.

EXHIBITIONISTS

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__________ __________ is being turned on by CROSS DRESSING (like wearing a woman's underwear and bra and being aroused by it).

TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM

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_________ is being sexually aroused by INFLICTING PAIN/HUMILIATION on others.

SADISM

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________ is being sexually aroused by having PAIN/HUMILIATION inflicted on THEMSELVES.

MASOCHISM

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________ _________ is a type of PARAPHILIA that is more common in HOMOSEXUAL MEN.

TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM

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_______ is a type of PARAPHILIA that occurs when the perp RAPES CHILDREN/YOUNG ADOLESCENTS.

PEDOPHILIA

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What percentages of both MEN and WOMEN suffered from CSA?

12% of Men and 17% of Women

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T/F: We INTENTIONALLY develop PARAPHILIC INTERESTS.

FALSE

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______ ______ deficits, _________ behaviors, early _________, and strong _________ ________ all contribute to PEDOPHILIA.

social skills, OCD, experiences, sexual desires

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_______ _________ is a treatment for PEDOPHILIA that involves imagining UNWANTED SEXUAL PROCEDURES, including the CONSEQUENCES (like a NARRATIVE that CHANGES the OUTCOME.)

COVERT SENSITIZATION

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Do SUCCESSFUL TREATMENTS for PEDOPHILIA exist?

yes, but they aren't often used

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5 traits of PERSONALITY DISORDERS

-Every Illegal Medication Strangely Fails- E-Enduring Patterns; I-Inflexible; M-Maladaptive; S-Subjective Distress; F-Functional Impairment

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Why are Personality Disorders on Axis II? (2)

1) CHRONIC and LONG-TERM; 2) Begins in CHILDHOOD and CONTINUES through ADULTHOOD

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CLUSTER A is the ______ or _______ cluster that consists of _______, ________, and _________ disorders.

ODD, ECCENTRIC, PARANOID, SCHIZOID, SCHIZOTYPAL

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CLUSTER B is the _________, ________/________, and _______ cluster that consists of _________, _________, ________, and ___________ disorders.

Dramatic, emotional/flat, erratic; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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_________ personality disorders don't often use medications.

PERVASIVE

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How many people have a diagnosable personality disorder?

1 in 10

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Patients suffering from ________ PERSONALITY DISORDER are excessively MISTRUSTFUL and SUSPICIOUS, ARGUMENTATIVE and TENSE, and they have a need for AUTONOMY.

PARANOID

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What causes PARANOID Personality Disorder?

UNKNOWN

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How do you treat PARANOID Personality Disorder?

COGNITIVE THERAPY

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Which 3 PERSONALITY DISORDERS fall under CLUSTER A?

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

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________ PERSONALITY DISORDER is known for being the "WOMAN'S ANTISOCIAL."

SCHIZOID

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*Eating disorder characterized by RECURRENT FOOD REFUSAL, leading to dangerously low BODY WEIGHT

anorexia nervosa

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Reliable data about normal sexual practices are rare because large-sample ________ surveys are required.

random

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LARGE-SAMPLE RANDOM SURVEYS are necessary for effective planning of programs to limit ______ and UNWANTED PREGNANCIES.

STD's

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A recent large-scale survey of sexual behavior showed (LOWER/THE SAME/HIGHER) rates of HOMOSEXUAL behavior in MALES, as compared with earlier data.

LOWER

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COLLEGE STUDENTS and YOUNG ADULTS engage in alarmingly high rates of ______ ______ sex.

high risk

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Sexual activity among the ELDERLY is (MORE/LESS) frequent than often believed.

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Many more (MEN/WOMEN) report MASTURBATING, perhaps because masturbation is more _________ _________ for them.

men, anatomically convenient

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(MALES/FEMALES) express a more PERMISSIVE ATTITUDE toward CASUAL SEX.

MALES

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Females report having had (MORE/FEWER) sexual partners than males and a LOWER FREQUENCY of INTERCOURSE.

FEWER

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WOMEN tend to desire more ______ and DEMONSTRATED LOVE during sex, while MEN tend to emphasize AROUSAL.

INTIMACY

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Men and women are moving (TOGETHER/APART) in their ATTITUDES, _______, and SEXUAL BEHAVIORS.

together, standards

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Today the ABSENCE of sexual _______ is considered a CLINICAL DISORDER.

desire

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SEXUAL NORMS vary across ________, and there are variations within WESTERN CULTURES.

cultures

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PREMARITAL sexual behavior is culturally acceptable in approximately (ONE-THIRD/ONE-HALF/TWO-THIRDS) of more than 100 societies surveyed worldwide.

1/2

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Recent studies and media interpretations suggest that HOMOSEXUALITY may have a _______ or BIOLOGICAL ETIOLOGY.

GENETIC

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As with most other complex behavior patterns, it is likely that ________, as well as hereditary _________, plays a POWERFUL ROLE in the development of HETERO- and HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATIONS.

environment, predisposition

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Young boys who prefer traditionally "GIRL" activities may grow to feel more different from _________ and thus find them more ________ or attractive.

boys, exotic

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Identical twins reared in the same home had the same sexual orientation _____% of the time; this is evidence for the contribution of (HEREDITY/ENVIRONMENT/BOTH HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT).

50, BOTH HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT

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In one study, reserchers found that each additional _____ ________ was correlated with a 1/3 greater chance of a boy being homosexual.

older brother

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_______ ________ disorders refer to psychological DISSATISFACTION with one's biological GENDER because it is inconsistent with one's sense of ________.

gender identity, identity

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In GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER, the goal is NOT SEXUAL but the desire to live life in a manner consistent with the _______ _______.

opposite gender

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GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER, which is COMMON/RARE and more typical in MALES/FEMALES, differs from INTERSEX individuals or _________ and from the HOMOSEXUAL AROUSAL PATTERS of a male with EFFEMINATE BEHAVIOR or a female with masculine behavior.

rare, males, hermaphrodites

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Exposure to certain _______ at critical periods in utero may contribute to the etiology, though research is sparse.

hormones

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Between ages 18 months and ______ years may be a critical period for gender identity development, and learning of gender roles may be influenced.

three

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Sex _______ surgery is a treatment used only after a trial period of __________.

reassignment, living as the desired gender

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Sex reassignment surgery involves PHYSICALLY ALTERING an individual's _________ to be consistent with gender identity.

anatomy

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Current research suggests that the majority of individuals opting for the surgery generally have a (SUCCESSFUL/UNSUCCESSFUL) adjustment.

SUCCESSFUL

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Some therapists use the psychosocial treatment for the disorder, teaching BEHAVIORS, ________, and even AROUSAL STIMULI to correspond with the client's (IDENTITY/BODY).

fantasies, body

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Surgery and ________ _________ therapy are the most common treatments for INTERSEXUALITY but recent research suggests that _________ treatments to help people adapt to their anatomy or their emerging gender identity may be more appropriate.

hormonal replacement, psychological

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_______ ________ are characterized by impairment in ability to become SEXUALLY AROUSED or achieve ORGASM.

Sexual dysfunctions

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Sexual dysfunction may be lifelong or ________ after normal functioning, and situational or _______ to all attempts.

acquired, generalized

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The stages of sexual response, (_______, ________, and ________) are each associated with specific dysfunctions.

desire, arousal, orgasm

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Individuals with _______ ________ disorder associate sexual thoughts and activities with FEAR, PANIC, or DISGUST.

Sexual Aversion

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For some clients, sexual aversion may be a form of ______ disorder.

panic

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The sexual arousal disorders are male _______ disorder and female sexual arousal disorder, which can occur even when ______ is strong.

erectile, desire

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Sexual arousal disorders involve failure to achieve or maintain ERECTION in men and _______ in women.

lubrication

🗑

Erectile disorder is the most common impairment reported by men, and they are (LIKELY/NOT LIKELY) to seek treatment.

LIKELY

🗑

Prevalence rates are (EASIER/MORE DIFFICULT) to estimate for female sexual arousal disorder because they are less likely to _________.

more difficult, consider it a problem

🗑

At the ORGASM end of the sequence, _____ _______ is defined as the frequent inability (never or almost never) to achieve orgasm despite desire and ________.

inhibited orgasm, arousal

🗑

In men (although rarely reported), INHIBITED AROUSAL is called _________ ejaculation.

retarded

🗑

The more common orgasm disorder experienced by males is _______ _________.

premature ejaculation

🗑

The feeling of lack of ______ may be more important than TIMING in defining "PREMATURE."

control

🗑

PREMATURE EJACULATION is primarily a problem with YOUNGER MEN; _______ _______ is more likely among OLDER MEN.

erectile disorder

🗑

Sexual pain disorders, also called _______, are characterized by ______ during sexual intercourse even if sexual desire, arousal, and ________ are possible.

dyspareunia, pain, orgasm

🗑

A more common problem reported by women is _______, or PAINFUL INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE SPASMS in the outer third of the vagina when intercourse is attempted.

vaginisms

🗑

Clinical ________ of sexual behavior consists of interviewing, medical evaluation, and ________ measurement.

assessment, psychophysiological

🗑

Clinicians must be sensitive to clients' ________ with discussing sexual issues and possible lack of understanding of clinical terminology.

shyness or discomfort

🗑

The use of certain drugs, recent surgery and other _______ conditions all may affect sexual functioning.

medical

🗑

Physiological assessment may include use of a penile _____ _______ for men, or a vaginal __________ for women.

strain gauge, photoplethysmograph

🗑

Measurement of nocturnal ________ _______ may show whether erection can occur; it CAN/CANNOT rule out medical or psychological causes of erectile problems.

penile tumescence, cannot

🗑

Sexual problems (ARE/ARE NOT) usually associated with other presenting symptoms.

are

🗑

neurological diseases and chronic illness (diabetes, _______, and kidney problems) may interfere with sexual functioning.

heart

🗑

A major physical cause of sexual dysfunction is the use of __________ and antidepressant medications such as Prozac.

anti hypertension

🗑

Drug and alcohol abuse SUPPRESSES/ENHANCES sexual arousal, and chronic abuse can cause permanent _________ damage and _______ problems.

suppresses, neurological, fertility

🗑

________ disease, such as ARTIFICIAL INSUFFICIENCY and VENOUS LEAKAGE have been associated with erectile problems in males.

Vascular

🗑

Psychological causes of sexual dysfunction may include _______, although recent data suggest that anxiety may increase sexual arousal in certain situations.

anxiety

🗑

Men have been (ABLE/UNABLE) to respond sexually when threatened with shock or physical harm for insufficient erections.

able

🗑

A cognitive factor with harmful impact seems to be ________.

distraction

🗑

Males with erectile dysfunction OVER-REPORT/UNDER-REPORT their level of arousal compared to males without a dysfunction.

underreport

🗑

Changing _________ or affect with music may make a difference in erectile performance.

mood

🗑

Current theory suggests that people with sexual dysfunctions react to sexual situations with POSITIVE/NEGATIVE affect, become cognitively _________, and fail to achieve _______.

negative, distracted, arousal

🗑

Psychological theory implicates early learning of a negative _______ set called "EROTOPHOBIA" in the development of sexual disorders.

cognitive

🗑

Negative or _______ sexual events may also contribute to sexual dysfunction.

traumatic

🗑

Deterioration in personal relationships and poor ______ skills may also play a role.

sexual

🗑

Negative sexual _______ or myths that reflect social and cultural expectations are more common in people with dysfunctions.

scripts

🗑

MOST/FEW sexual dysfunctions include a combo of physical and psychological causes.

most

🗑

An individual's specific biological _________, such as a tendency to develop _________ anxiety, may interact with psychological factors to produce a dysfunction.

predisposition, performance

🗑

Because ignorance is a major contributor to sex problems, _______ is often an easy an effective treatment.

education

🗑

_______ and Johnson revolutionized sex therapy with a brief, direct therapeutic program.

Masters

🗑

The therapy includes basic education about sexuality and emphasizes increasing __________ and decreasing ________ anxiety.

communication, performance

🗑

The methods of _____ focus and _______ pleasuring are also used in a gradual program.

sensate, non-demand

🗑

The success of the Master and Johnson's sex therapy program was LESS THAN/SAME AS/GREATER THAN more recent results, but more successful sex therapies have evolved from these pioneering methods.

GREATER THAN

🗑

Premature ejaculation can be treated by the _______ technique.

squeeze

🗑

Female orgasmic disorder can be remedied by training in _______.

masturbation

🗑

Low sexual desire HAS ALSO/HAS NOT responded to sex therapy.

HAS ALSO

🗑

Almost all medical treatments for sexual dysfunction are directed at ________ disorder, and many are effective.

erectile

🗑

One therapy for erectile disorder involves injecting ________ ________ into the penis immediately before intercourse to facilitate erection.

vasodilating drugs

🗑

Penile _________, or prostheses, with tubes or pumps are surgical alternatives.

implants

🗑

Also, ________ ________ therapy creates a vacuum that draws AIR/BLOOD/SEMEN into the penis, which is then trapped by placing a ring around the _______ of the penis.

vacuum device, blood, base

🗑

New oral medications such as ______ have caused enthusiastic initial response, but most such treatments in the past eventually showed _______ effects and _______ results.

Viagra, side, disappointing

🗑

While sex therapy is often effective, services and _______ _______ are not available in all areas.

trained therapists

🗑

More attention should be focused on sexuality on ______ people.

elderly

🗑

A _______ is a disorder that is characterized by sexual arousal toward unconsenting people or toward objects.

paraphilia

🗑

PARAPHILIA is more common in MALES/FEMALES and it is TYPICAL/UNUSUAL for several to appear in the same person.

males, typical

🗑

Many people with PARAPHILIAS have COMORBID MOOD, ANXIETY, or _________ _________ disorders.

substance abuse

🗑

__________ are characterized by sexual attraction to an inanimate object or a source of specific ________ stimulation.

Fetishes, tactile

🗑

________ refers to observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked, in order to become sexually aroused.

voyeurism

🗑

_______ refers to sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting ________.

exhibition, strangers

🗑

EXHIBITIONISTS and VOYEURS usually require MORE/LESS/NO anxiety to heighten arousal.

🗑

In TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM, arousal is associated with the act of ______-________.

cross-dressing

🗑

TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM is substantially DIFFERENT FROM/SIMILAR TO other fetishes.

SIMILAR TO

🗑

Sexual _________ involves inflicting pain or humiliation on a sexual partner for sexual arousal.

sadism

🗑

Sexual ________ involves seeking to suffer pain or humiliation to attain sexual arousal.

masochism

🗑

A closely related condition is HYPOXIPHILIA, which involves _______-_________ to enhance the sensation of orgasm.

self-strangulation

🗑

Sadistic rape, not classified as paraphilia, is an assault frequently associated with _______ personality disorder.

antisocial

🗑

Many rapes are OPPORTUNISTIC; others are ________.

VINDICTIVE

🗑

In one study, only _______ were aroused by depictions of both consenting and forced sex; some responded similarly to ________ alone.

rapists, violence

🗑

PEDOPHILIA involves sexual attraction to _______.

children

🗑

________ occurs when a child victim is a member of the perpetrator's family; the victim here is usually YOUNGER/OLDER than victims of a pedophile.

incest, older

🗑

Most child molesters ARE/ARE NOT physically abusive and do not believe that their actions are harmful for the child.

ARE NOT

🗑

PARAPHILIA was thought to be totally absent in women, but recent estimates suggest that approximately ____-_____% of all sexual offenders are women.

5-10

🗑

Early experience and the nature of an individual's sexual ______ may play a role in the development of DEVIANT PATTERNS.

fantasies

🗑

According to an OPERANT CONDITIONING PARADIGM, deviant sexual behavior is reinforced through association with _______.

pleasure

🗑

Different rates of __________ may account for why MALES/FEMALES show more PARAPHILIAS.

masturbation, males

🗑

Trying to suppress UNWANTED FANTASIES seem to _______ their intensity.

increase

🗑

Sometimes the presenting client does not know the actual source of arousal, so careful ________ is necessary.

assessment

🗑

Appropriate SOCIAL and _______ skills are also examined.

relationship

🗑

Psychological treatment to decrease deviant sexual arousal often utilizes a ________ approach to modify associations from pleasurable to neutral.

behavioral

🗑

Covert ________ achieves decreasing relationship between pleasure and deviant behavior by associating arousing _______ and the behaviors that led to intervention with negative _________.

images, consequences

🗑

In orgasmic _________, patients are instructed to masturbate to their usual fantasies but to replace them with a more desirable fantasy just before orgasms.

reconditioning

🗑

While many deviant sexual therapy treatments yield success, results are poorest for ______ and people with multiple _______.

rapists, paraphilias

🗑

________ _________ treatment provides patients with coping skills and teaches them to recognize early signs of temptation in order to prevent relapses.

relapse prevention

🗑

Medical treatment for paraphilics involves drugs such as anti-androgens and hormonal agents that reduce ________ levels, bit only while they are being taken.

testosterone

🗑

Without treatment, paraphilias are _______ and recurrent.

chronic

🗑

Treatment of individuals with deviant sexual behaviors appears promising, but _________ are not widely available.

well-trained therapists

🗑

Gender ________, boys behaving in feminine ways and girls behaving in masculine ways, has gained renewed attention recently.

non-conformity

🗑

Whether _________ should be instituted to bring the children's behavior more into line with their biological sex is being hotly debated.

interventions

🗑

_______ Personality Disorder is known for being DETACHED from RELATIONSHIPS, having LIMITED EMOTIONS, and preferring SOLITARY activities.

SCHIZOID

🗑

Two possible causes for SCHIZOID Personality Disorder

1) Abused/neglected as a child; 2) SHYNESS

🗑

How do you treat SCHIZOID?

There is NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT for Schizoid, although you can try to teach them that RELATIONSHIPS ARE VALUABLE

🗑

People with _________ personality disorder have ODD BEHAVIOR and THOUGHT PATTERNS, SUSPICIOUS, UNUSUAL behavior (ISOLATED), strange ideas of reference, and MAGICAL THINKING.

SCHIZOTYPAL

🗑

Causes of SCHIZOTYPAL personality disorder (2)

HERITABLE, some type of BRAIN ABNORMALITIES

🗑

What kind of TREATMENT is used for SCHIZOTYPAL?

Treatment alleviates DEPRESSED MOOD, but it doesn't take away odd beliefs or paranoia, etc

🗑

7 Criteria for ANTISOCIAL

1) Doesn't comply with SOCIAL NORMS; 2) Violates OTHERS' RIGHTS; 3) SELFISH/GUILTLESS; 4) Lacks CONSCIENCE/EMPATHY; 5) MANIPULATIVE/CHARMING; 6) High rates of SUBSTANCE ABUSE, 7) Must be 18 and diagnosed with adverse behavior (like juvy)

🗑

Two good examples of ANTISOCIAL DISORDER are _____ _______ and _______ ______.

Charles Manson, Richard Kuklinski

🗑

When it comes to ANTISOCIAL DISORDER, the DSM diagnosis falls short because it only relies on __________ behaviors.

OBSERVABLE

🗑

How is PSYCHOPATHY different from ANTISOCIAL DISORDER? (4)

1) More SEVERE, 2) Diagnosis based on PERSONALITY TRAITS instead of OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS; 3) < rates of RECIDIVISM; 4) Not all criminals are PSYCHOPATHIC

🗑

What is RECIDIVISM?

habitual relapse into crime

🗑

Possible cause of ANTISOCIAL DISORDER

nonsexual AROUSAL THEORIES; Antisocial's aren't excited by normal stimulations like roller coasters

🗑

Is ANTISOCIAL DISORDER more common in MEN or WOMEN?

MEN

🗑

Treatment for ANTISOCIAL

doesn't exist

🗑

Which PERSONALITY DISORDER is highly COMORBID with other mood disorders and is one of the MOST COMMON PD'S?

BORDERLINE

🗑

Which personality disorder is characterized by UNSTABLE MOODS/RELATIONSHIPS, IMPULSIVENESS, SELF-HARM/SUICIDAL behaviors, EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY, poor SELF-IMAGE, and feelings of EMPTINESS?

BORDERLINE

🗑

_______ personality disorder patients tend to IMPROVE during their 30's and 40's.

BORDERLINE

🗑

Which personality disorder is ALMOST ALWAYS accompanied by CSA, which explains why patients are afraid people won't care about them?

BORDERLINE

🗑

3 Causes of BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

1) Genetics-SEROTONIN dysfunction; 2) ENVIRONMENTAL factors; 3) High rates of PHYSICAL and SEXUAL abuse

🗑

How does PHYSICAL and SEXUAL ABUSE related to BORDERLINE DISORDER?

Can result in problems with EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION/THOUGHTS

🗑

2 Effective Treatments for BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

1) DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DET), and 2) THERAPIST/CLIENT DYNAMICS

🗑

T/F: Borderline patients often SEEK TREATMENT.

TRUE

🗑

What is DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY?

Teaching clients how to REGULATE EMOTIONS

🗑

_______ personality disorder patients always spend WAY TOO MUCH $$$!!!

BORDERLINE

🗑

Which personality disorder is characterized by being VAIN/SELF-CENTERED, excessive EMOTIONALITY, is ATTENTION-SEEKING, constantly seeks APPROVAL & REASSURANCE, is THEATRICAL, and pays a lot of attention to DRESS/MAKEUP?

HISTRIONIC

🗑

What are the CAUSES/TREATMENT of HISTRIONIC disorder?

UNKNOWN

🗑

Is HISTRIONIC disorder largely diagnosed in MALES or FEMALES?

females

🗑

Which personality disorder is SELF-IMPORTANT, ATTENTION-SEEKING, lacks SENSITIVITY and COMPASSION, demands SPECIAL ATTENTION, GRANDIOSITY, shows LITTLE EMPATHY, and is ENVIOUS and ARROGANT?

NARCISSISM

🗑

Two causes of NARCISSISM?

The "ME" Generation, and failure to SHOW EMPATHY

🗑

Treatment of NARCISSISM focuses on _________ and _________.

hypersensitivity, depression

🗑

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