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Psychology
2024 Science Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Order of Complexity | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Multicellular organisms |
| Stimulus-Response Model | Model that describes how the body responds to changes in the internal environment that need to be detected. |
| Order of Stimulus-Response Model | Stimulus, Receptor, Control Centre, Effector, Response |
| Stimuli | Internal or external changes that evoke a response from the body |
| Receptor | Identify changes within and outside of your body. |
| Control Centre | Processes messages detected by a receptor to determine feedback |
| Effector | Glands and muscles that respond to the stimulus. |
| Response | Positive or Negative feedback – reaction to stimulus |
| Negative feedback | When the response is in an opposite direction to the stimulus. (Back to homeostasis) |
| Positive feedback | When the response is in the same direction as the change in stimulus. (Away from homeostasis) |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Brain and spinal cords |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. |
| Somatic nervous system | controls voluntary functions of skeletal-muscular system (includes reflexes) |
| Autonomic nervous system | controls involuntary bodily functions (branch of the PNS) |
| Sympathetic | Fight or flight (increase activity) |
| Parasympathetic | Rest and digest (decrease activity) |
| Sensory neurons (afferent) | take messages to the CNS |
| Motor neurons (efferent) | take messages away from the CNS |
| Interneurons | carry the impulse (to motor neurons) through the CNS |
| Types of receptors | Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Photoreceptors |
| Thermoreceptors | Detect variations in temperature (Skin, body core, brain) |
| Mechanoreceptors | Detect touch, pressure, sound, motion and muscle movement (Skin, skeletal muscles, ear) |
| Chemoreceptors | Detect particular chemicals (Nose, tastebuds) |
| Photoreceptors | Detect light (Eyes) |
| Reflex arc | To and from spinal chord, no involvement with brain. (Receptor – sensory neuron – interneuron (spinal chord) – motor neuron – effector) |
| Components of a neuron | Dendrites, Cell body, Nucleus, Axon (Myelin Sheath, Node of Ranvier, Schwann cell), Axon Terminal |
| Dendrites | Receive signals from other neurons/other cells |
| Cell Body | Central part of a neuron that contains the |
| Nucleus | Control centre for the cell. |
| Axon | A long extension that carries signals away from the cell body |
| Myelin Sheath | A fatty layer around the axon that speeds up signal transmission |
| Node of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath that help signals move quickly along the axon |
| Schwann Cell | Creates the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS |
| Axon Terminal | The end part of the axon that sends messages to other cells |
| Impulse in neuron | Dendrite (receiving) – Cell body – Axon (response) |
| SAME (acronym) | Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent |
| Stages of Memory | Encoding – Storage – Retrieval |
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