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Leture Quiz 2

Microbio

QuestionAnswer
what does bacterial immune system compose of endonuclease (restriction enzyme)
Does altering nucleotide sequence change the speed of DNA traveling through gel during electrophorasis? No; only factors that affect size/length and charge (+/-) of DNA segment matters in determining how fast DNA pieces travel. DNA is negatively charged. Thus, they run toward positive end of the gel.
How to bacteria protect their own DNA while excising viral (foreign) DNA from their chromosome? by methylating cytosine. doing so prevents their own restriction enzymes from cleaving this segment.
How many segments of DNA are created by 3 cut sites in circular DNA? In linear DNA? 3; 4
how is DNA inserted into plant cells? - agrobacteria to "infect" plant with their tumor-inducing plasmid (plasmid integrated with gene of interest) -gene gun
Which properties of life do viruses share with living cells? - genetic material - order & complexity in arrangement of biological molecule - ability to evolve HOWEVER, virus do not have metabolic activity, unlike all cells.
COVID-19 virus carries what kind of genetic material? RNA, specifically, + strand RNA.
How do + strand RNA and - strand RNA differ? Positive RNA: Functions directly as mRNA for translation. ex) West Nile, polio, COVID Negative RNA: Requires conversion to positive RNA before it can be translated into proteins. ex) rabis, influenza, measels.
what are the chemical compositions of: - viral envelope - capsid - genetic material - spikes - plasma membrane of host (phospholipid bilayer) - protein - DNA/RNA - protein/glycoprotein
What are key differences between bacteriophage and animal virus? Entry & Exit mechanism: lysis/lysogenic | lysis/budding/lysogenic ex) influenza buds using host plasma membrane. Genome integration: prophage | provirus Replication site: cytoplasm | nucleus/cytoplasm ex) herpes: nucleus, COVID: cytoplasm.
What are infected DNA with viral DNA integrated called in bacteria? Animal cells? prophage; provirus
Which viral diseases cause acute infection? Which viral diseases cause latent infection? acute infections include measles and chickenpox. latent infections include HIV, herpes virus, shingles, and oncogenic virus.
what is the most common entry portal into the body for bacteria? Respiratory tract, specifically mucous membrane (easy surface adherence). - coughing/sneezing - talking/singing
what are gram negative bacteria species discussed for this unit? gram positives? gram +: - staphylococcus aureus
what is first sign of viral infection from a microbiology standpoint? cytopathic effects - cell rounding - cell lysis
how to microbes gain portal of EXIT through blood? arthropods (ticks, fleas, mosquitos) provide portal of exit through blood by biting host, leaving their body, and transferring into a different host.
(insect) bites, cuts, minor scrapes are all examples of what portal of entry? parenteral entry
what is septic shock, and why should it not be treated with antibiotics right away if it's caused by gram-negatives? gram- contain endotoxins in their cell membrane; death = releasing more LPS.
function of hyaluronidase in pathogenicity pf bacteria breakdown of HA acid to invade into deeper tissue (HA acid is in extracellular matrix).
where are M proteins (virulence factors) found? Its functions? Streptococcus pyogenes have M proteins on surface. M proteins help evade immune system by preventing phagocytosis.
what are AB toxins? How do they act? Exotoxins. Disrupts neurotrasmission, protein synthesis A subunit enters; B subunit receptor binds outside. ex) botulinum toxin: prevents release of actylcholine diphtheria toxin: inactivates protein synthesis (EF-2) tetanus: inhibits inhibitory
Created by: user-1889869
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