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ch.19 chabner
review of chapter 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| forming small nipple-like projections | papillary |
| abnormal formation of cells | dysplastic |
| localized growth of cells | carcinoma in situ |
| densely packed;containing fibrous connective tissue | schirrhous |
| patterns resembling small, microscopic sacs | alveolar |
| small gland-type sacs | follicular |
| lacking structures typical of mature cells | undifferentiated |
| loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell type | anaplasia |
| extending beyond the normal tissue boundaries | infiltrative |
| having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue | invasive |
| spreading to a secondary site | metastasis |
| replication of cells;two identical cells are produced from a parent cell | mitosis |
| cellular substance(ribonucleic acid) that is important in protein synthesis | RNA |
| infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself | virus |
| rays given off by the sun | ultraviolet radiation |
| an agent (hydrocarbon,insecticide,hormone)that causes cancer | chemical carcinogen |
| genetic material within the nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis | DNA |
| region of genetic material that causes cancer;found in tumor cells or viruses | oncogene |
| change in the genetic material of a cell | mutation |
| energy carried by a stream of particles | radiation |
| characterized by redness,swelling, and heat | inflammatory |
| tumors are large,soft, fleshy | medullary |
| containing dead tissue | necrotic |
| mushrooming pattern of growth | fungating |
| characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces | ulcerating |
| tumors from large,open sacs filled with fluid | cystic |
| tumors resemble wart-like growths | verrucous |
| growths are projections from a base (sessile & pedunculated) | polypoid |
| removal of tumor and a margin of abnormal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure for small tumors | excisional biopsy |
| removal of entire tumor with large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes | en bloc resection |
| burning a lesion | electrocauterization |
| destruction by high-frequency electric sparks | fulguration |
| cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to establish diagnosis | incisional biopsy |
| freezing a lesion | cryosurgery |
| wide resection involving tumor, organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the area of the hip | pelvic extenteration |
| test for presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (a marker for testicular cancer) | beta-HCG test |
| incision of the abdomen to determine extent of disease | staging laparotomy |
| protein marker test to detect ovarian cancer cells in blood | CA-125 |
| visual examination of the abdominal cavity;peritoneoscopy | laparoscopy |
| test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells | estrogen receptor assay |
| removal and microscopic examination of bone marrow tissue | bone marrow biopsy |
| aspiration of tissue for microscopic examination | needle biopsy |
| blood test for the pressence of an antigen related to prostate cancer | PSA test |
| blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer) | CEA test |
| cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined | exfoliative cytology |
| staging tumor | assessing the extent of tumor spread |
| T1N2MO | tumor is present with palpable regional lymph nodes and metastases |
| tumor requires large doses of radiation to produce death of cells | radioresistant tumor |
| used in treatment of tumors with radiation | linear accelerators |
| study of the distribution and removal of drugs in the body over a period of time | pharmacokinetics |
| study of tumors | oncology |
| treatment using drugs | chemotherapy |
| general ill malnutrition associated with chronic disease such as cancer | cachexia |
| malignant tumor of fiber-producing cells | cystic tumor |
| alveol/o | small sac |
| cac/o | bad |
| carcin/o | cancer,cancerous |
| cauter/o | burn,heat |
| chem/o | chemical drug |
| cry/o | cold |
| cyst/o | sac of fluid |
| fibr/o | fibers |
| follicul/o | small grandular sacs |
| fung/i | fungus,mushroom |
| medull/o | soft,inner part |
| mucos/o | mucous membrane |
| mut/a | genetic change |
| mutagen/o | causing genetic change |
| onc/o | tumor |
| papill/o | nipple-like |
| pharmac/o | chemical drug |
| plas/o | formation |
| ple/o | many,more |
| polyp/o | polyp |
| radi/o | rays,xrays |
| sarc/o | flesh,connective tissue |
| scirrh/o | hard |
| xer/o | dry |
| -blastoma | immature tumor |
| -genesis | formation |
| -oma | mass, tumor |
| -plasia | formation, growth |
| -plasm | formation, growth |
| -suppression | to stop |
| -therapy | treatment |
| ana- | backward |
| apo- | off,away |
| brachy- | short |
| epi- | upon |
| meta- | beyond;change |
| cancerous tumor composed of epethelial tissue | carcinoma |
| cancerous tumor composed of connective tissue | sacrcoma |
| retinoblastoma and polyposis coli syndrome are | inherited cancers |
| the assessment of tumor's degree of maturity or microscopic differentiation is __________ of a tumor | grading |
| assessment of a tumor's extent of spread within the body | staging |
| what does TNM staging system stand for | tumor;node;metastasis |
| the transformation of adult,differentiated tissue to differentiated tissue of another type is called | metaplasia |
| the formation of new blood vessels is known as | angiogenesis |
| destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current | fulguration |
| removal of entire tumor and regional lymph nodes | en bloc resection |
| cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to establish a diagnosis | incisional biopsy |
| removal of tumor and margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors | excisional biopsy |
| freezing a lesion to kill tumors | cryosurgery |
| burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells | electrocauterization |
| wide resection involving removal of tumor,its organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the body space | extenteration |
| method of treating cancer using high-energy radiation | radiation therapy |
| a tumor that requires large doses of radiation to kill cells | radioresistant |
| if radiation can cause loss of tumor cells without serious damage to surrounding regions, the tumor is | radiosensitive |
| tumor that can be completely eradicated by irradiation | radiocurable |
| method of giving radiation in small,repeated doses | fractionation |
| drug that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays | radiosensitizers |
| treatment of cancerous tumors with drugs | chemotherapy |
| the study of the distribution and disappearance of drugs in the body is | pharmacokinetics |
| the use of two or more drugs to kill tumor cells | combination of chemotherapy |
| large electronic device that produces high energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors | linear accelerator |
| alkylating agents,antimetabolites,hormones, antibiotics, and antimitotics are all types of | chemotherapeutic agents |
| implantation of seeds of radioactive material directly into a tumor | brachytherapy |
| unit of radiation equal to 100 rad | gray |
| radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source | external beam radiation (teletherapy) |
| highly focused,high energy radiation requiring a cyclotron machine is | proton therapy |
| defined areas that are bombarded by radiation | fields |
| ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw | oral mucositis |
| drug treatment for breast cancer destroys epithelial cells in the stomach and causes a sensation leading to vomiting | nausea |
| radiation to the lungs causes inflammation of the lungs | pneumonitis |
| chemotherapy for ovarian cancer causes loss of hair on the head | alopecia |
| bone marrow destruction with leukopenia,anemia, and thrombocytopenia | myelosuppression |
| radiation to the lungs causes increase in connective tissue | fibrosis |
| radiation of salivary glands causes dryness of the mouth | xerostomia |
| method of treatment | modality |
| assisting treatment | adjuvant therapy |
| report or plan of steps taken in an experiment or disease case | protocol |
| absence of all signs of disease | remission |
| symptoms of disease return | relapse |
| condition of damage to normal tissues;disease | morbidity |
| treatment that uses the body's own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells | biological therapy |
| substances produced by normal cells that directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system | biological response modifiers |
| a biological response modifier that is made by lymphocytes | interferon |
| biological response modifiers that are made by mouse cells and are able to bind to tumor cells | monoclonal antibodies |
| programmed cell death | apoptosis |
| malnutrition marked by weakness nad emaciation; usually associated with later stages of cancer | cachexia |
| drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate (mature), stop growing and die | differentiating agents |
| anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells | molecularly targeted drugs |
| unit of DNA composed of sugar, phosphate, and base | nucleotide |
Created by:
ladyvicious