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chap 9
vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus | classical conditioning |
| a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response | neutral stimulus |
| an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training | unconditioned stimulus |
| an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus | unconditioned response |
| a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus | conditioned stimulus |
| the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus | conditioned response |
| responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli | generalization |
| the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli | discrimination |
| the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus | extinction |
| learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence | operant conditioning |
| stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated | reinforcement |
| stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer | secondary reinforcer |
| stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water | primary reinforcer |
| technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward | shaping |
| learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next | response chain |
| process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli | aversive control |
| increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs | negative reinforcement |
| training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus | escape |
| training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus | conditioning |
| training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus | avoidance conditioning |
| process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others | social learning |
| form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation | cognitive learning |
| a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events | cognitive map |
| alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior | latent learning |
| condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable | learned helplessness |
| learning by imitating others; copying behavior | modeling |
| conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards | token economy |
Created by:
eveyburns
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