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Psych 150 chapter 3
Physical Development in Infancy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cephalocaudal pattern of growth | developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head physical growth and differentiation of features gradually work their way down from top to bottom |
| Proximodistal pattern | sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities |
| Body and growth change | newborns- 18-22 in long, weighing 5-10 lbs first year: baby grows about 1 inch per month 2 year- weigh approximately 26-32 lbs , 32-35 inches growth is episodic-irregular bursts rather than continuosly |
| Shaken baby syndrome | brain swelling and hemorrhagingFor |
| Forebrain | portion farthest from the spinal cord- includes the cerebral cortex and the structures beneath it |
| Frontal lobes | voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose |
| Occipital lobes | function in vision |
| Temporal lobes | active role in hearing, language processing, and memory |
| Parietal lobes | in registering spatial, location, attention, and motor control |
| Lateralization | the division of mental processes and functions between the left and right hemispheres of the brain |
| neuroconstructivist view | - biological processes and environmental experiences influence the brain's development - brain has plasticity and is context dependent - the childs cognitive development is closely linked to development of the brain |
| synaptogenesis | the process of forming synapses, which are the points of contact between neurons that allow information to be transmitted |
| Synaptic Pruning | the process where the brain eliminates extra neurons and synapses |
| sleep/ wake cycle | newborns average 18 hours a day. |
| REM sleep | the eyes flutter beneath closed lids, while in non-REM sleep, sleep is quieter. Half of an infant’s sleep is REM sleep, the most in the life span. REM sleep may provide added self-stimulation and might promote the brain’s development in infancy. |
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing and die without any apparent reason |
| breast feeding versus bottle feeding | breast feeding appears better, recommend exclusive breast feeding 1st 6 months benefits baby... fewer gastrointestinal infections, fewer respiratory tract infections, lower rates of SIDS, benefits for mom - lower risk of breast cancer, diabetes |
| Dynamic systems theory - theory that explains motor development as the result of interactions between the individual, environment, and task | 1. maturation & development of the nervous system 2. body's physical properties (strength) & its potential for movement (motor control) 3. child's motivation to reach a goal, create new motor behavior (walking) 4. environmental support for the skill |
| Dynamic systems view ( four key aspects) | embodied- involves the status of & changes in the childs body embedded - within environmental circumstance enculturate - influenced by social & cultural contexts enabling- child- increase independence in the world |
| Reflexes | built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements. |
| Rooting reflex- | a basic survival instinct that helps babies find food by turning their head and opening their mouth when the corner of their mouth is stimulated |
| Sucking reflex | When the roof of a baby's mouth is touched, they will automatically start sucking allows them to find food |
| grasping reflex | When an object is placed in an infant's palm, the infant's fingers flex to close around the object |
| Moro reflex | an infantile reflex that involves spreading and pulling the arms and crying when startled. |
| Tonic neck reflex | When a baby's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side will straighten, while the opposite arm will bend. |
| Babinski reflex | an involuntary reflex that occurs when the bottom of a baby's foot is stroked, causing the big toe to move upward and the other toes to fan out. |
| Step reflex | when a baby appears to walk or dance when held upright with their feet touching a flat surface: |
| Gross motor skills | the movements that infants and children make with their large muscle groups. sitting up, rolling over walking ( 10-12 months), balance, jumping |
| Fine motor skills | the ability to use the small muscles in the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes to control movement |
| palmer grasp | grasping with whole hand |
| pincer grasp | grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger |
| sensation | the ability to use the small muscles in the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes to control movement |
| perception | interpretation of what is sense |
| visual perception | visual acuity increases with age by 3 months, infants Match voices to faces. Distinguish between male and female faces. Discriminate between faces of their own ethnic group and those of other ethnic groups. |
| perceptual narrowing | infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed to |
| visual acuity | 20/240 at birth 20/40 6 months |
| color vision | sees some colors by 2 months, has preferences by 4 months |
| perceptual constancy | size constancy- recognition that object remains the same even though the retinal image changes; 3 months of age shape constancy -object remains the same even though its orientation changes; 3 months of age but not for irregularly shaped objects |
| perception of occluded objects | 2 months of age – develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are whole 3-5 months of age – develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects |
| Depth perception | Visual perception of depth affected by experience Can begin by 2-4 months of age Most know visual cliff by 6-to-12 months |
| Hearing | fetus hears in last months before birth newborns cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults. infants are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds Localization - newborns can determine general location of a sound. 6 months of age - more proficient |
| Touch and pain | newborns are sensitive to pain and touch |
| Smell | Newborns can differentiate odors |
| Taste | Fetus- sensitivity present before birth Newborns- facial reactions to various tastes Infants: preference for salty tastes at 4 months |
| intermodal perception | ability to perceive a single event/ object through simultaneous stimulation of multiple senses 1st 6 months , infants have difficulty connecting sensory input from different modes, after 6, show an increased ability to make this connection mentally. |
Created by:
Nanyelynunez
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