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Intro to GIS Exam I
PSCG 3201: Chapter 1 – 10 Study Guide
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Reference Maps | This stores data and show a variety of features for a variety of uses. These maps function like general storehouses of information. |
| Thematic maps | Highlight specific themes. Their chief goal is to focus the user’s attention on specific features or characteristics. |
| Reference Map Example | Map of China that stores a variety of information, including transportation routes, rivers, and names of water bodies. |
| Thematic Map Example | Maps that draw the user’s attention to a single idea; the other information, such as the outlines of states, is only provided to help understand the main theme |
| Literal Maps | Maps that are meant to show actual things and places |
| Figurative Maps | Maps that show conceptual or imagined places, such as what an area may be in the future |
| Analytical Mapping | Where maps are used to explore the role of location and space to answer questions. |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | A computer system used to store, display, and analyze spatial information. |
| Resolution | This describes the breadth or specificity of the data you are examining |
| Accuracy | This describes how well data on a map align with objects in the world |
| Interoperability | This describes how well two different datasets work with each other. |
| Map data has what three key characteristics? | Spatial, attribute, and temporal |
| Spatial Accuracy | This is how well an object’s location on the map matches its location in the world. |
| Attribute Accuracy | This asks whether characteristics reported about an object are true about that object in the world. |
| Temporal Accuracy | This is concerned with whether details about an object are up-to-date with respect to changes in the world. |
| Spatial Resolution | What is the smallest unit of area measured? |
| Attribution Resolution | This deals with the degree to which distinctions are made between categories. i.e. Age categories of >18 and <18 OR 0-18, 18-34, 34-64, 65+ |
| Temporal Resolution | This is the frequency with which data are collected, and in essence addresses the question of how often or over what period of time is a measurement taken? |
| Spatial Interoperability | This askes how well do spatial units match up? i.e. zip codes, and census tracts are not always the same area or parcel so they don't match up well |
| Attribute Interoperability | This asks the question: how well do the categories of two datasets match |
| Temporal Interoperability | This asks how well do reported times match up? |
| Spatial | where an object is located or an event has occurred |
| Temporal | when the location and attributes were accurate (i.e. when collected) |
| Attribute | what characteristics the object or event has |
| Characteristics of Spatial data | These characteristics of data, namely location of state boundaries, are necessary to put the data on a map or use. |
| Characteristics of Temporal data | These characteristics refer to how data represent a “snapshot” of what things were like at the time the data were collected, such as census data from the year 2000. |
| Characteristics of Attribute data | These characteristics describe the nature of a location |
| Ground surveying | This involves a person or mechanism that observes or interacts with people or the environment in a particular place. |
| Remote Sensing | This refers to collecting data from afar, often by taking pictures from a plane or satellite. |
| Land surveying | This is one of the longest-standing methods of determining location in which people use variety of tools to determine the precise positions of locations by triangulating from the position of known locations |
| Global positioning systems (GPS) | These are constellations of satellites that orbit the earth. These satellites transmit signals to the earth’s surface that indicate their position in space and a very precise time signal. |
| GPS Receiver | A device equipped with this can interpret signals and determine the device’s location on the earth. |
| GPS Unit | This is a form of ground surveying in which the satellites themselves do not collect information; it is the handset that is determining position from the satellite signals. |
| Geocoding | This is the process of attaching a geographic location to some sort of address information, such as a house address or zip code, or a verbal description such as “the intersection of Elm Avenue and Main Street.” |
| Surveys | This gathers attribute information about individuals, households, businesses, or areas. Not always collecting spatial information, but when they do, the data can be linked to a location on a map. Can be mailed, gathered in person, or conducted over phone. |
| Sensors | These are used to measure a wide array of human and environmental facts, including temperature, sunlight, and precipitation. The locations of these are determined by GPS, ground surveying, or geocoding. |
| Remotely-sensed Data | Data that is collected at a distance from the object they are studying |
| Airplanes, satellites, or drones | Remotely-sensed Data is usually collected by sensors mounted on what objects? |
| They collect imagery with cameras that work on same principles found in a handheld or cell phone camera and collect visible light that human eyes can recognize. Other sensors detect nonvisible characteristics such as infrared or scan the earth with radar. | How do the cameras for Remotely-sensed Data work? |
| Metadata | This helps you determine whether the data on the map are appropriate for your question or project, It is data about data. |
| What kind of information can metadata provide? | It is who, how, and when the data was collected and classified. How accurate and the resolution of the data as well. |
| Census Data | This is data collected by national governments on their populations |
| What is the goal of census data? | It is to collect every individual in the population |
| What does higher resolution corresponds with? | It corresponds with smaller areas over which data are aggregated, narrower distinctions between categories, or shorter times between data collection. |
| What does lower resolution corresponds with? | It corresponds with larger areas over which data are aggregated or longer times between data collection. |
| Map Scale | This measures how much the features of the world are reduced to fit on a map; or more precisely, shows the proportion of a given distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground in the real world. |
| Representative fraction | This is a map scale that is shown as a ratio. With the numerator always set to 1, the denominator represents how much greater the distance is in the world. |
| What is the most commonly used measure of map scale? | Representative fraction |
| Graphic scale | This is a map scale in which Scale bars are graphical representations of distance on a map. The figure has scale bars for 1 mile, 7000 feet, and 1 kilometer. |
| What is one advantage of graphic scales? | These remain remain true when maps are shrunk or magnified. |
| Verbal description | This is a map scale in which it is common to see “one inch represents one kilometer” or something similar written on a map to give map users an idea of the scale of the map. |
| Extent of a map | This describes the area visible on the map |
| Coordinates | This is how locations on the earth's surface are measured; a set of two or more numbers that specifies a location in relation to some reference system. |
| Geographic Coordinate System | This is designed specifically to define positions on the Earth’s roughly-spherical surface. |
| Because the Earth is round, +180° (or 180° E) and -180° (or 180° W) are the same grid line, termed the what? | International Date Line |
| Graticule | This specifies positions on the globe with latitude and longitude coordinates. |
| Projection | This is the is the term for turning a three-dimensional globe into a two-dimensional map. |
| As you peel and flatten the skin, you will encounter what problems? | Shearing, tearing, and compressing |
| Shearing | This is stretching the skin in one or more directions |
| Tearing | This causes the skin to seperate |
| Compressing | This forces the skin to bunch up and condense |
| Map Projection | This refers to both the process and product of transforming spatial coordinates on a three-dimensional sphere to a two-dimensional plane. |
| Tangent Point/Line | This is the place where the developable surface touches the globe; when a flat surface touches the globe and it is the point on the projected map which has the least distortion |
| What are the three shadow shapes that a globe can cast? | Cylinder, cone, and plane |
| Conformal projections | This projection preserves the shape and angle, but strongly distorts area in the process. They are very useful for navigation, topography (elevation), and weather maps |
| Equal-area projections | On this projection, the size of any area on the map is in true proportion to its size on the earth; countries’ shapes may appear squished/stretched compared to what they look like on a globe, but land area will be accurate relative to other land masses |
| Equidistant projections | This projection preserves distance along a few clearly specified lines; generally , all points are the proportionally correct distance and direction from the center point. |
| Robinson projection | This projection attempts to strike a balance between the different map properties by trying to avoid extreme distortion of any properties. |
| Goode Homolosine projection | This projection deals with the challenge of making the 3D globe flat by tearing the earth in strategic places and represents the earth in lobes, reducing the amount of shape and area distortion near the poles. It preserves area but not shape |
| Example of Conformal projection | Mercator projection |
| Which projection should be used if the main purpose of the map involves measuring angles or representing the shapes of features? | Conformal projections |
| Example of Equal-area projections | Gall-Peters projection |
| Which projection should be used when map users are expected to compare sizes of area features like countries and continents and quantitative thematic data, especially in mapping density (an attribute over an area) is important? | Equal-area projections |
| Example of Equidistant projections | Azimuthal projections |
| Which projection type of projection would be useful visualizing airplane flight paths from one city to several other cities or in mapping an earthquake epicenter? | Equidistant projections |
| Which projection would be useful for a general purpose world map? | Robinson projection |
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