Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 13 - ANT2410
Religion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1860s, Northern Paiute Indian living is Sierra Nevada, first Ghost Dance prophet | Wodziwab |
| 1960-2000 membership in various __ churches rose from 2 million to 12 million | Pentecostal |
| 2nd Ghost dance prophet, son of Wodziwab & probably saw Ghost Dance & heard prophecies as boy | Wovoka |
| African based religion originated in Cuba, emerged from slave society, example of syncretism | Santeria |
| African deity identified w/Catholic saint in Voodoo & Santeria | oricha |
| American civil rights movement, Iranian revolution, rise of Taliban in Afghanistan, conflict between Pakistan & India over state of Kashmir are all examples of __ __ in which religion has played __ __ | social movements; critical role |
| American society cargo cult; central tenant of prosperity theology is that God wants Christians to be wealthy | World-Faith Movement |
| Castle found that among Fulani women rarely give numeric answers when asked about how many children they want, frequently answering that it is | up to God |
| Dec 28-29 1890 Seventh Calvary captured remaining Ghost Dancers; 350 Sioux Ghost Dancers killed incl women & children | Wounded Knee |
| EB Tylor believed evolution of religion was part of more general progression toward __ & __ | logic; rationality |
| European & involuntary African invasion brought disaster to | Native American societies |
| Europeans attempted to __ African religions but slaves __ by combining African religion, Catholicism, & French spiritualism in Cuba | suppress; resisted |
| Frankl came to believe that taking responsibility for finding meaning under all circumstances was __ __ of life | central task |
| Fulani believe there are __ who inhabit human forms, are invisible or take animal shapes & __ __ that are hostile to humankind | sorcerers; other spirits |
| Fulani children are sometimes dressed in __ & __; bits of broken __ are woven into their hair | rags; straw; gourd |
| Fulani code of honor; one aspect to appear self-controlled & stoic at all occasions | pulaaku |
| Fulani sorcerers & other spirits attack anything present in __ | excess |
| Fulani's treatment of their children are __ to keep them from attention of sorcerers & spirits & make sure they __ | measures; survive |
| Ghost Dance prophets that foresaw that ancestors would return on__ __; __would swallow up all whites but leave goods behind for Native Americans who became his followers | immense train; cataclysm |
| Ghost dancers of Sioux who did not obey order to stop fled to into __ to perform Ghost Dance ceremonies & await __ that would sweep oppressors from plains | badlands; cataclysm |
| Hindu harvest festival in which members of lower class/castes throw colored powder at males of middle/upper class | Holi |
| Hopi creation story serves as a(n) __ for society | charter |
| Hopi live their __ __ of their world as they grow blue corn | religious understanding |
| Hopi re-experience __ of their land by various clans as they farm | settlement |
| Hopi tradition holds that __ were given land to farm together as they became members of tribe | clans |
| Indian fundamentalist group which plays important role in national politics | Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) |
| Jewish unorthodox groups such as Lubavitch Hassidim have been __ | growing |
| Malinowski wrote, stories are not merely __ tales but __ __ force | idle; hard-worked active |
| Maya states attempt to suppress __ __ or bring them under bureaucratic control | independent shamans |
| Melanesian’s observed whites making __ __ on scraps of paper, built __ __, & behaves in seemingly __ __ | secret signs; strange structures; unusual ways |
| Melanesian’s of cargo cults were not __ rather working with __ knowledge derived from their limited experiences | irrational; objective |
| Native American Church has been successful because it allows members to reinforce their __ & __ to demands of larger society | identity; adapt |
| Native American Church also known as __ __ | peyote religion |
| Native American religious nativistic movement of late 19th century; | Ghost Dance |
| Native American tribes heard Ghost Dance vision in __ ways | diverse |
| Native American vision quest- spirit acted as personal __ or __ | protector; guardian |
| Native American vision quests expect person to develop special relationship with __ __ that would provide them w/power & knowledge | particular spirit |
| Ndembu men & women publicly insult each other’s sexual abilities & extol their own, but no one is allowed to take offense | Wubwang’u |
| Rastafarian religion is an example of | vitalist religion |
| Santeria identifies African __ w/Catholic __ | deities; saints |
| Santeria spread throughout Spanish __, Brazil, & N America taking __ forms in different locations | Caribbean; different |
| Tuner argued that in liminal states people experienced state of __ & __ | equality; oneness |
| US celebration example of communitas | New Year’s Eve |
| Walter Cannon argued individual psychologically vulnerable & aware of being attacked by sorcery would exhibit extreme __ __ that would have profound psychological effect | stress reaction |
| Wiccans are no more likely to commit __ __ than members of more mainstream religions | evil acts |
| Wovoka called for peace w/whites, but also taught that whites would either be carried away by __ __ or become __ | high winds; Indians |
| Wovoka taught that wearing __ __ painted w/designs he saw in his visions had power to protect them from __ | special clothing; bullets |
| Wovoka urged Indians to return to __ __ | traditional practices |
| __ & __ fundamentalism are mentioned most in US news media | Christian; Islamic |
| __ __ of believers in all fundamentalist tradition understand world in __ terms & see violence as divinely __ response | small percentage; absolute; ordained |
| __ __ ordered Sioux to stop Ghost Dance | government agents |
| Wiccan (or neopagan) is __ __ | modern-day witch |
| key way for religions to provide responses to some of central concerns of their believers is to explain aspects of | physical & social environment |
| ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them | witchcraft |
| after reincorporation, person takes on __ & __ of their new social status | rights; obligations |
| all religions consist of series of stories told by member of group at __ level | fundamental |
| all religions share at least __ _ characteristics | six common |
| allows Azande witches to cause misfortune & death to others | mangu |
| allows people to grasp often complex & abstract specifics of theology that underlie them | symbolic representation |
| almost all societies have shamans, but they are likely to be only religious practitioners in __ & __ societies | band; tribal |
| although there is no single question answered by every religion, belief systems all provide responses to some of __ __ of their believers | central concerns |
| among Thompson Indians, guardian spirit would teach boy __ __ by which he could be called | spirit song |
| animal, plant, or other aspect of natural world held to be ancestral or to have other intimate relationships w/members of group | totem |
| anthropological study of religion shows that there is no __ __ question answered by __ __ | one single; every religion |
| anthropologists may attempt to analyze what religion __ in a society, but members of that society experience it through their __ & __ | does; beliefs; practices |
| anthropologists often refer to __ & __involving liminality at antistructure | rituals; statuses |
| anthropologists organize religious practitioners charged w/ organizing/leading major ritual events | shamans & priests |
| antistructure is frequently found in __ __ | religious ritual |
| antistructure is temporary ritual __ of established order & is important in helping people more fully realize __ of self & other | dissolution; oneness |
| any communication between people & spirits/gods in which people praise, plead/request w/out assurance of results | prayer |
| argued that dance & worship in which aborigines achieved ecstatic religious experience helped to bind members of society together | Durkheim |
| argues that Westerners are obsessed w/ cargo, w/ desire for wealth & material goods, & they increasingly turn to ritual strategies to obtain them | Lamont Lindstrom |
| argues that idea people do not count their children often based on failure to understand that statements people make about fertility & family size are often based on religious ideas | Sarah Castle |
| argues that numeracy about children is central to population control & that fertility decline not far away when people start conceptualizing their family size & cannot take place w/out such conceptualizing | Etienne van de Walle |
| attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces | magic |
| because not all societies do not distinguish between __ & __ ways Americans do, defining __ is difficult | natural; supernatural; religion |
| before advent of modern medicine, thought to be caused by broken taboos, sorcery, witchcraft, or actions that caused person to fall out of spiritual balance | illness |
| before harvesting, farmers make sacrifices to di of first owners of their field | Trinidad |
| belief in impersonal spiritual force that infuses universe | animatism |
| belief in many gods | polytheism |
| belief in single god | monotheism |
| belief that imitating an action in religious ritual will cause action to happen in material world | imitative magic |
| belief that things once in contact w/person/object retain an invisible connection w/that person/object | contagious magic |
| believe that witches’ bodies contain mangu; generally believed they were unable to prevent themselves from causing evil | Azande |
| believes to contain supernatural power in many cultures; symbol of boundary between self & notself, both part of person & separable from person | hair |
| belongs to 1500-1600; 50,000 Europeans’ murdered during this time ½ w/in borders of current-day Germany | witch craze |
| boy would begin searching for guardian spirits btwn 12-16; prepare by exhaustion & wearing special clothing; pilgrimage into mountains; strenuous regime continued until boy has religious experience | Thompson Indians – vision quest |
| cargo cults were originally described on islands of __ | Melanesia |
| cargo cults were seen as form of religious __ against __ __ | resistance; colonial rule |
| cattle are killed & eaten only in ritual context is __ of E African __ __ as practiced by such groups as Nuer & Pokot | essence; cattle complex |
| characterized by nature of their understanding of world to come & methods for achieving that world | religious movements |
| chiefs had higher degree of mana than ordinary people | Tahiti |
| claimed to have rediscovered ancient beliefs of aboriginal fairy race | Gerald Gardner |
| collection of preparations used as medications | pharmacopoeia |
| colonization, disease, or technological change can cause a society to | change very rapidly |
| common in Appalachia among coal miners & other rural poor who lead difficult & dangerous lives | holiness church |
| conscious & intentional use of magic | sorcery |
| contain supernatural power & often used in religious ritual & surrounded by taboos | boundary symbols |
| containing many different & sometimes contradictory meanings in single word, idea/object | multivalent |
| coronation of __ __ fulfilled biblical prophecies; he was messiah & hope of freedom for all black people | Haile Selassie |
| counting Fulani children may show __ & __ __ of sorcerers & spirits | excess; draw attention |
| critical difference between science & religion is scientific proposition must be open to __ __, religion is under __ __ __ | empirical testing; no such constraint |
| critical feature of prayer is that people believe that its result depend on will of __ __rather than on __ __ performed | spirit world; human actions |
| cross has been critical __ __ from 312CE until 20th century when frequent feature of military __ & __ in WWI & II | military symbol; insignia; propaganda |
| cultural influence among Crow is that they obtained their __ __ on fourth night of their seclusion; four mystical number | spiritual blessing |
| curing rituals express & reinforce __ of a culture & __ of a society | values; solidarity |
| derives from certification by religious institution priest represents & sometimes given w/ little/no training | priestly authority |
| development of __ is directly related to Russian invasion of __ | Taliban; Afghanistan |
| discouraged by Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition but compulsory among Sambia of Papua New Guinea | sexual relations between men |
| disease, warfare, & technological changes __ traditional native lifeways & belief systems in Native American societies | undermined |
| distinctions between prayer, sacrifice, & magic are more matter of __ than of __ __ | degree; exclusive classification |
| divination might be used to predict future, diagnose disease, find hidden objects, or discover something about past; many cultures use to discover | who committed a crime |
| divination ritual, shoulderblade of caribou/other animal scorched by fire; scorched bone used as map of hunting area & cracks in bone are read as info on best place to hunt | scapulomancy |
| divination technique used by farmers | water witching or dowsing |
| early 2000s non-Judeo-Christian religions accounted for __ of population | 2.5% |
| early 20th century coined phrase animatism | RR Marett |
| endless desire for consumer goods & beliefs that purchases of specific brands of cars, drinks, or clothing are examples of how American __ __ is bit like cargo cult | economic system |
| existence of beings, powers, states, places & qualities that cannot be measured by any agreed upon scientific means | nonempirical |
| extremely popular in US & Latin America; Oral Roberts, Jan & Paul Crouch, Creflo Dollar, Benny Hinn, & Kenneth Copeland | prosperity theology preachers |
| fact that __ __ are rarely members of holiness church groups is proof that members have access to __ __ __ they lack | social elites; forms of power |
| failure of __ __ is understood as resulting from incorrect performance of ritual rather than refusal of spirits to act | magical request |
| first Europeans to write of cargo cults were __ __, who saw them as irrational beliefs & activities of primitive people who had succumbed to some kind of __ | colonial administrators; madness |
| first phase of rite of passage-person or group detached from former status | separation |
| first step to limiting population growth is to teach people to __ their children & understand that they can __ on number of children they want | count; decide |
| focusing on a coming catastrophe will signal beginning of new age & eventual establishment of paradise | millenarian |
| focusing on return of society to earlier time that believers understand as better, more holy, than current era | nativism |
| focusing on coming of an individual who will usher in utopian world | messianic |
| for healing when they have diseases that are not recognized by technological medicine, lack money to pay for medical treatment, or have tried treatments & it has failed | people go to shamans |
| form of imitation magic; mistreatment of doll-like image of person will cause injury to that person | voodoo doll |
| form of imitation magic; original sin washed away w/ holy water | baptism |
| from purely materialistic point of view world appears to lack any purpose or meaning | objective point of view |
| fruits of harvest, animal lives, human lives, & changes in behaviors are | offered as sacrifices |
| fundamentalists are selective about which parts of their tradition they __ & which parts of __ they accept & reject | emphasize; modernity |
| fundamentalists tend to __ opposition has appropriate tactic | demonize |
| fundamentalists tend to believe that there is __ __ __ & that they can posses & understand it | single unified truth |
| fundamentalists tend to perceive themselves as __ __ even when it is not case | persecuted minority |
| fundamentalists tend to see religion as basis for __ & __ identity | personal; communal |
| fundamentalists tend to see themselves as fighting in __ __ of good against evil | cosmic struggle |
| god is spiritual being who __ or __ some aspect of the world | created; controls |
| gods distant/withdrawn, having little interest in people; accessible only through prayer to lesser gods | remote gods |
| gods understood as creator of world & as ultimate power in it; present in only ½ of all societies | high gods |
| government agents were __ by Ghost dance & Sioux belief that whites would shortly __ | frightened; disappear |
| had about 3.5 million members in 1960 but had fallen to about 2 million by 2000 | Episcopal Church |
| hair & doorways are __ __ that play important roles in religious rituals | liminal objects |
| hallucinogenic drugs & bloodletting are methods that created __ __ in which travel to supernatural underworld would take place in ancient Maya states | ecstatic states |
| has distinct attributes & believed to control specific aspect of human life, in Santeria | oricha-saint |
| has never been demonstrated by convincing scientific experiments | efficacy of prayer & magic |
| have repeatedly been implicated in murderous violence | fundamentalist beliefs |
| herding & farming society in Mali W Africa, show lack of regard for their children, describing them as not at all nice, ugly, or useless | Fulani |
| high levels of __ __ are often linked to poverty, land scarcity, migration, & loss of culture | population growth |
| home to most complex Buddhist city on earth | Los Angeles, CA |
| hunt caribou on Labrador Peninsula use scapulomancy | Naskapi |
| identified w/St Francis of Assisi & believed to know each person’s destiny & can provide guidance about how to improve one’s fate | Orunmila |
| identify what is wrong w/world, present vision of what better world might look like, & describe method of transition from existing to better world | prophet code |
| images of way correct, just social order should look | vision of ideal society |
| in 1970s members of __religions accounted for less than 1% of US populations | non-Judeo-Christian |
| in Melanesian society __ knowledge & __ action were major sources of power | secret; ritual |
| in Trinidad, points out that farmer may have never seen di/ landlord but knows of people whose crops have failed or people who have been evicted | Morton Klass |
| in US, rapid cultural/economic change, economic oppression, powerlessness, & anomie experienced by different social groups have frequently led to | new religious movements |
| in __ societies elite invoke __ __ to control poor | stratified; religious authority |
| in all societies, there are individuals who are particularly expert in __ __ __ | practice of religion |
| in holiness church services, loud music, singing & dancing cause some members to experience | being filled w/ Holy Spirit |
| in holiness church, members that are filled w/ Holy Spirit sometimes handle | poisonous snakes |
| in many African nations women have between 6-7 children, exemplifying high rates of population growth in | preindustrial & industrializing societies |
| in many cultures worldwide, much of prayer & magic concerns __ __ or __ it in others | curing disease; creating |
| in poorer nations, __ __ __ is linked to reducing high rate of child mortality & improving economic conditions | reducing family size |
| in reality, people in __ statuses may experience unity of communitas more than __ | higher; powerless |
| in reinforcing __ __ religion generally serves interests of __ | social order; powerful |
| in rituals people behave in ways that would clearly be __ under other circumstances | unacceptable |
| in some way, all gods are aspects of one divine essence | India |
| in some ways, it is __ to use term myth, when describing sacred narratives or stories | appropriate |
| incl abstinence from alcohol, attentiveness to family obligations, marital fidelity, self-support, helpfulness among members of group, & attempt to live at peace w/all peoples | elements of Peyote Road |
| individual who is socially recognized as having ability to mediate between world of humanity & world of gods/spirits but who is not recognized official of any religious organization | shaman |
| initiation rites usually include __ of information about cultural practices & tradition | transmission |
| institutionalized liminal statuses sometimes emerge in | state-level societies |
| intensifies social solidarity by creating atmosphere in which people experience their common identity in emotionally moving ways | religious ritual |
| key trickster spirit Coyote | Native American culture |
| less predictable the __ is the greater likelihood prayer, magic, & sacrifice will be __ | outcome; used |
| like all other aspects of culture, religions are __ __ __ | subject to change |
| liminal groups’ source of supernatural power & perceived subversion of social order is their | low statuses & ambiguous nature |
| long-standing Israeli-Palestinian conflict gave rise to | Hamas |
| looking toward creation of utopian future that does not resemble past golden age | vitalism |
| love between divine Krishna & gopis | most popular representation of communion w/god from Hinduism |
| magic is belief that certain words, actions, & states of mind compel __ to behave in __ ways | supernatural; predictable |
| magical technique of sorcerers in Melanesia; sorcerer makes magical arrow of pointed object, catches sight of victim, then viciously stabs air as if to wound victim & twist point in wound | bone pointing |
| majority of Wiccans & neopagans live in __ __ of Europe & N America | wealthy nations |
| majority of Wiccans are __ & __ than average age level of __ | female; higher; education |
| mana gives one spiritual__, but can also be __ | power; dangerous |
| mana is like __ it is powerful force but can be __ when not approached w/ proper caution | electricity; dangerous |
| mana most often found in spacial, temporal, verbal, or physical areas that are __ between clear-cut categories | boundaries |
| mana often associated w/ elaborate system of __, or __ | taboos; prohibitions |
| many modern-day Wiccans practice pre-Christian religion of __ __ | nature worship |
| many religious movements are either __ or __ | nativistic; vitalistic |
| many religious practices are aimed at __ in human activities | success |
| masks, statues, paintings, costumes, body decorations, or objects in physical environment may be used as | religious symbols |
| meaning death, love, sacrifice, identity, history, power, weakness, wealth, poverty, etc. | Christian cross |
| meanings that religion creates can be __ wilderness or __ & destruction | chaotic; violence |
| member of new religion that claims descent from pre-Christian nature worship | Wiccan (or neopagan) |
| member participate in rituals that give individuals direct access to supernatural power; may experience states of ecstasy heightening by singing, dancing, handling dangerous objects, or using drugs | messianic & millenarian religions |
| membership in American Christian denominations that describe themselves as __ has ballooned in past (2) decades | fundamentalists |
| men often attained high positions because of their family/political connections rather than their piety or training | medieval/renaissance churches in Europe |
| merging of elements of 2+ religious traditions to produce new religion | syncretism |
| modern-day anthropologists are more concerned w/ways in which religion __ __ societies & ways in which it __ __ in human life | operates in; creates meaning |
| monkey & hyena spirits often tricksters | African religions |
| moral principles followed by members of Native American Church | Peyote Road |
| most of religion __ society | validates |
| most of time, religion is __ __ validating & reinforcing historical conditions & beliefs of society | conservative force |
| most people from industrialized societies would say that sacrifices, in religion of Trinidad, to di are part of __ __ & rent payment are part of __ __ | supernatural world; natural world |
| most radical interpretation of Ghost dance; vision promised disappearance of oppressors & return to traditional ways extremely appealing; spread amongst during fall of 1890 | Sioux |
| most religions contain __ or __ visions of __ society | implicit; explicit; ideal |
| most religious rituals involve combination of prayer, sacrifice, & magic to __ & __ supernatural spirits & powers | contact; control |
| most scholars believe Gardner composed his religion from __ of modern day sources | variety |
| much fundamentalism is __ presenting call to __ & return to time that is __ __ | nativistic; purification; more holy |
| myth can also be used to denote __ belief, or __ belief, that we do not share | false; religious |
| named spirit who is believed to have created or to control some aspect of world | god |
| nativistic movement aims to restore what its followers believe is __ __ of past | golden age |
| nonempirical/supernatural beings associated w/features of natural environment | naturalistic |
| nonempirical/supernatural beings have features of personality similar to those of humans’ | anthropopsychic |
| nonempirical/supernatural beings in form of animal | zoomorphic |
| nonempirical/supernatural beings in human form | anthropomorphic |
| notes that professional baseball players are likely to use magic for least predictable aspects of game, hitting, & pitching | George Gmelch |
| notion that all objects, living & nonliving, are imbued w/ spirits | animism |
| number of Americans who say they attend church regularly has __ __ since 1950 | increased substantially |
| objects, places, people, & statuses understood as existing in indeterminate state, between clear-cut categories | liminal |
| offering made to increase efficacy of prayer or religious purity of an individual | sacrifice |
| often found among deeply oppressed people | religious syncretism |
| one is likely to claim that their own religion is composed of __ & __ __, but other people have __ | history; sacred story; myth |
| one that involves use of religious symbols; may involve acting out of sacred stories, music, dance, or pain to move worshipers’ to ecstatic state of trance | religious rituals |
| one who is formally elected or appointed to full-time religious office | priest |
| organizations where people live permanently as members of religious community; embody liminality | monasteries & convents |
| origin Jamaica in 1930s; emphasized traditional African values; return to Africa | Rastafari religion |
| participate in ritual largely as passive respondents or audience rather than as managers or performers | laypeople |
| patterned act that involves manipulation of religious symbols | ritual |
| people are witches because their bodies contain __ __ substance, which is inherited | magical witchcraft |
| people continued Ghost Dance into 1930s & (1) group continued into 1960s | Oklahoma |
| people grouped into societies/lodges each of which is linked w/some species in their natural environment that it its totem; prohibited from eating groups’ totem | Aboriginal society |
| people of upper Asaro River in Papua New Guinea-when child is born, __ __is buried so it cannot be later used by sorcerer to cause harm | umbilical cord |
| people pray by hoisting flags/spinning wheels w/prayers written inside them | Buddhist |
| personification of evil; trickster | Christian Devil |
| pointed out there is intimate connection between sacred tales of society & its ritual acts, moral deeds, & social organization | Malinowski |
| poor & powerless in society may create religions in order to __ their lower social position & emphasize __ in which their suffering will be rewarded | rationalize; afterlife |
| powerless may use liminal symbols & rituals of __ to subvert social order, expressing feelings of not oneness but of __ w/ powerful | reversal; conflict |
| practice common among many Native American groups in which individuals seek to achieve direct contact w/supernatural | vision quest |
| practice of divination makes people __ __ in their choices when they do not have all info they need/when alternative courses of action appear equal | more confident |
| prayer & magic are prevalent in | sports & games of chance |
| prayer & magic may alter __ __ of those who practice them or who are practiced upon, reducing/increasing their __ & perhaps creating other psychological states | emotional state; anxiety |
| priests are most often associated with __ who are believed to have __ __ | gods; great power |
| priests were members of ranked bureaucracy; also political leaders & such exercised right to use ecstatic techniques to travel in spiritual world | ancient Maya states |
| programs to educate Fulani about family planning, fertility, & conception will fail because of their beliefs, which are intended to counter __ __ of children | frequent deaths |
| prophecies sometimes encourage people to invest themselves in purely __ __ that have little real effect on social order | magical practices |
| prophetic movements of Handsome Lake, Delaware Prophet, Shawnee Prophet, & Ghost Dance are examples of | Native American religious movements |
| provide pathway through which Native Americans can operate successfully in mainstream American society; communion w/God possible through use of peyote & rituals around it separates them from other Americans & allows them to affirm their identity | teachings of Native American Church |
| provide rationale for present social order & give social values sacred value | sacred stories & rituals |
| provided new lives for followers, giving them consistent & meaningful ways of understanding world; led to deaths of them & followers | Jim Jones & David Koresh |
| provides particularly good example of religious innovation | history of native N America |
| rapid change w/in society or groups systematically enslaved/oppressed can cause “ideal vision” to __ __ __ people’s daily lives | move away from |
| rate of woman having children is between 1-2/woman | Canada, Italy, & Spain |
| religion believers organize their lives around series of __, encapsulated in story, symbol, & interpretation | principles |
| religion can provide new identity & become basis for personal/cultural survival when people suffer profound __ __ or when life __ __ because of radically changed circumstances | personal losses; loses meaning |
| religion is an important __ __, inculcating values, & understanding central to culture | educational institution |
| religion is closely connected with __ of society & generally works to preserve __ __ | survival; social order |
| religion is generally source that __ __ __ | preserves social order |
| religion is normally conservative force promoting idea that way society has historically been ordered is __ & __ | right; proper |
| religion is principle means that people have used to give one's life meaning | historically & cross-culturally |
| religion may __ & __ status quo | promote; reinforce |
| religion may be an important force resisting __ __ or may catalyze __ __ & on occasion, murder | status quo; radical politics |
| religion may make people profoundly __ & __ | disquiet; fearful |
| religion may provide __ & __ in people's lives | meaning; order |
| religion may reduce __ __ & give people sense of __ over their destinies | social anxiety; control |
| religions also present __ of states, qualities, or powers whose existence cannot be __ measured | existence; scientifically |
| religions are __ __ of reality that serve as framework for interpreting events & experiences | symbolic images |
| religions are composed of __ that members belief are important | stories |
| religions include __ & __ __ of addressing supernatural | rituals; specific means |
| religions known for focus on rituals that involve use of magic to acquire consumer goods | cargo cults |
| religions make extensive of __ & __ | symbols; symbolism |
| religions propose __ of beings, powers, states, places & qualities that cannot be measured by any agreed upon __ __ | existence; scientific means |
| religions provide __ which give __ to lives of believers | cosmologies; meanings |
| religions provide people w/sense of __ __, __, & __ by defining place of individual in society & through establishment of moral codes | personal identity; belonging; meaning |
| religions that involved denying physical reality &/or importance of material world, to point of suicidal individual/group action | Jonestown & Haven's Gate branch of Davidians |
| religious beliefs often include notion of __ __ __ that infuses universe | impersonal spiritual force |
| religious power or energy that is concentrated in individuals or objects | mana |
| religious practices centered around animals, plants/other aspects of natural world held to be ancestral/to have other intimate relationships w/members of group | totemism |
| religious revitalization movement among Native Americans; between 250,000-500,000 members in US & Canada | Native American Church |
| religious ritual performed to find hidden objects or information | divination |
| religious symbols are __ multivalent | inherently |
| religious symbols do not have __ __ for all members of religion | single meaning |
| reserved for specific ceremonies, times of illness, or crisis | shamanic activities |
| rites of __ & __ are found in almost all cultures | passage; intensification |
| rites of intensification direct toward __ of group/community rather than individual | welfare |
| ritual __ __ include class as well as gender | role reversal |
| ritual structured to reinforce values & norms of community & to strengthen group identity | rite of intensification |
| ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another | rite of passage |
| ritual transvestism where community members dance in clothing of people of opposite sex | Japanese festivals |
| sacred narratives are often clothed in __ & often __ language | poetic; esoteric |
| sacred narratives are powerful ways of communicating __ ideas | religious |
| sacred power of sacred narratives is evoked when they are __ or __ __ | told; acted out |
| sacred stories or narratives | myths |
| saw religion as beginning w/animism & evolving through polytheism to monotheism | EB Tylor |
| scapulomancy may be __ because it randomizes choices of hunting sites, strategy modern game theorists know results in least chance of __ __ | adaptive; repeated failure |
| sciences can neither __ nor __ existence of god | prove; disprove |
| search for Truth; quality whose objective description has eluded philosophers for millenia | Society for Ethical Humanism |
| second phase of rite of passage,-often characterized by liminality | transition |
| separate inside from outside; serves as symbols of moral categories of good/evil, pure/impure | doorways & gates |
| sexual ambiguity contains power both to bless & to curse | hijras |
| shaman travels into supernatural world to discover source of illness & what might be done to cure it | shamanic curing |
| shamanic curing ceremonies are __ in that they release anxiety caused by various disturbing events | cathartic |
| shamanic curing ritual uses story, symbolism, & dramatic action to bring together cultural beliefs & religious practices in way enables patient to understand | source of illness |
| shamans generally treat their patients with | drugs |
| shift from high to low rates of fertility | demographic transition |
| small, hallucinogenic cactus that only grows in S TX & N Mexico & used by those indigenous people until late 19th century when spread out | peyote |
| snake handling, faith healing, & glossolalia, in holiness churches, are daily demonstrations of their ability to | gain access to God |
| social institution characterized by sacred stories; symbols & symbolism; proposed existence of immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, & qualities; rituals & means of addressing supernatural; specific practitioners; & change | religion |
| socially sanctioned use of behavior that radically violates social norms | antistructure |
| some expert believe that part of demographic transition is basic understanding of | mathematics |
| some experts argue that because in many societies people do not __ they do not believe they have control over size of family, # of children women have, or # children they desire | count |
| some fundamentalism of various kinds seem to hold promise for __ & __ | stability; security |
| sometimes prophets call on their followers to pursue their goals through __ or __ means, which may result in rapid __ change | political; military; social |
| sometimes religions involve denying __ __ or importance of __ world | physical reality; material |
| souls of bear, caribou, & seal important; soul of animal killed must receive proper religious attention | Netsilik Inuit |
| speaking in tongues | glossolalia |
| specific __ __ play extremely important role in emergence of fundamentalism | local histories |
| spread of __ __ __ largely to efforts of Comanche, Kiowa, & Caddo leaders, incl Quannah Parker, Apiaton (Wooden Lance), & John Wilson | modern peyote ceremony |
| state of being that is not subject to measurement & verification in Hinduism | Enlightenment |
| state of perceived solidarity, equality, & unity among people sharing religious ritual, often characterized by intense emotion | communitas |
| stories held to be holy & true by members of religious tradition | sacred narratives |
| supernatural entity that does not act in best interests of humans | trickster |
| survivor of Nazi death camps, found those (in death camps) whose lives retained meaning were more likely to retain their sanity & survive than those who lacked meaning | Victor Frankl |
| symbolizes New Testament story of Last Supper | Christian ritual of communion service |
| system of beliefs that deals w/fundamental questions in religious & social order | cosmology |
| tarot cards, palmistry, flipping coins, & reading auras are all | divination techniques |
| taught God was accessible to Indians through sacraments of peyote; leaders called | Roadmen |
| taught Hopi to treat earth respectfully, as relative, & techniques for farming blue corn were established by | Maasaw |
| taught that arrival of paradise could be hastened by specific rituals, incl series of dances | Wodziwab & Wovoka |
| telling of sacred stories __, social tradition & __ solidarity | reinforce; enhance |
| tend to have specific original leaders & points of origin; members often see their religious beliefs as unchanging | fundamentalist movements |
| function of myth is to strengthen __ & __ it w/ greater value & prestige by tracing it back to better, more __ __ of initial events | tradition; endow; supernatural reality |
| spirits in Trinidad religion | di |
| third stage of right of passage-passage from one status to another is symbolically completes | reincorporation |
| through growing of blue corn __ re-experience creation of their world | Hopi |
| through religion humans __ __ & meaning on their world & often gain feeling they have some measure of __ over it | impose order; control |
| through religion supernatural beliefs about __ & __ are reinforced by supernatural means of __ __ | good; evil; social control |
| through religious beliefs in glorious future or coming of savior, __ people can create a(n) __ of power | powerless; illusion |
| through religious beliefs in glorious future or coming of savior, religion contributes __ to maintaining social order | indirectly |
| through religious beliefs in glorious future or coming of savior, religion provides __ for frustration, resentment, & anger | outlet |
| through rites of intensification, community maintains __ w/ past, __ feeling of social unity in present, & __ sentiments on which cohesion is dependent | continuity; enhances; renews |
| timing & particular beliefs of religious movements are closely tied to __ & __ __ of their followers | social; political positions |
| to be shaman one must direct __ __ of supernatural that other members of community accept as __ | personal experiences; authentic |
| to begin new religion or create substantial modification to existing religion, prophets must have a(n) __ that consists of at least (3) elements | code |
| today 96% of Americans say they | believe in God |
| told Lowie interpretation that spirits making them vulnerable | Crow Indians |
| totemism is prominent feature of religions of | Australian aborigines |
| tricksters are often __ but they themselves are often __ | powerful; fooled |
| tricksters often __ __ of greed, lust, & envy w/humor & wisdom | combine attributes |
| two of most common __ __ are imitation & contagion | magical practices |
| vast majority of people who might be classified as fundamentalists are __ they neither promote/condone __ | innocent; violence |
| visions of Ghost Dance prophets were directly related to expansion of __ power | Euro-American |
| vitalists’ believe golden age is in __ & can be achieved by following teachings of __ | future; prophet |
| vitalists’ see past as either __ or __ | evil; neutral |
| we should apply same __ to others' religious beliefs that we apply to our own | terminology |
| when calamities fell or their prayers were not answered people vented their anger against gods by saying “You are a great slave” | NW Coastal Tribes of N America |
| when image of social order by religion fails to correspond to daily experiences of its followers __ may emerge, who create new religious __ or call for __ of existing practices | prophets; ideas; purification |
| when people feel they are lost, their vision of ideal cannot be attained, or in light of new developments ideal vision is wrong __ may emerge & __ __ created | prophets; new religions |
| where they exist, they frequently have low status & ambiguous nature | liminal groups |
| witchcraft is practice of __ | sorcery |
| work by cultivating awareness that one’s body is located at central intersection w/in system of relations | shamanic curing ceremonies |
| wrote rituals frequently generate liminal states & statuses in which structured & hierarchical classifications normally separating people in groups are dissolved | Victor Turner |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Miscellaneous sets