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Psych 150 Chapter 2
Biological Beginnings, Prenatal Development, and Birth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosomes | located in the nucleus of each human cell made up of DNA |
| DNA | contains genetic code or info |
| Genes | hereditary info composed of DNA help cells to reproduce themselves manufactures proteins that maintain life |
| Human Genome Project | complete genetic content of our cells-22,000 genes genetic expression is affected by their environment Gene |
| Genes and chromosomes | all cells in the human body have 23 pairs of chromosomes and reproduce through mitosis |
| Mitosis | cells nucleus duplicates itself and divides two new cells are formed with identical DNA makeup |
| Meiosis | cell division in which egg and sperm cells are created duplicates and divides twice, producing FOUR cells each cell contains 23 unpaired chromosomes in which half of the genetic material is of parent cell |
| Fertilization | a zygote- egg and sperm cells fuse to create a single cell 23 chromosomes from th egg and 23 chromosomes from the sperm to form one set of 23 paired chromosomes |
| Monozygotic twins | a single fertilized egg splitting into two |
| Dizygotic twins | two separate eggs being fertilized |
| Mutated genes | permanently altered segments of DNA form by chance or environmental damage |
| Susceptibility genes | make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging |
| Longevity genes | make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age |
| Genotype | person's genetic material |
| Phenotype | how genotype is expressed expression is influenced by environmental factors |
| Dominant - recessive genes principle | dominant (one gene of a pair always exerts its effects ) recessive (other pair that does not exert its effects, only when both genes are recessive |
| Sex-linked genes | mutated genes are recessive when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, result is X-linked inheritance males are more likely than females to manifest an X linked disease |
| genetic imprinting | a process that regulates gene expression by silencing one copy of a gene, depending on whether it was inherited from the mother or father |
| polygenic inheritance | different genes interacting and environment influences determine a characteristic or developing disease |
| gene-gene interaction | studies focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases , and development |
| chromosomal abnormalities | do not have the normal set of 23 chromosomes e.g- down syndrome -a disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 treatment- surgery, early intervention, infant stimulation, & specialized learning programs. increase w older women |
| klinefelter syndrome | extra x chromosome that causes physical abnormalities such as undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts in males treatment-hormone therapy |
| Fragile X syndrome | abnormality in x chromosome that causes intellectual disability or short attentions span treatment- special education, speech and language therapy |
| Turner syndrome | missing x chromosome in females causes intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment treatment- hormone therapy in childhood and puberty |
| XYY syndrome: | males have an extra Y chromosome. Can cause above-average height |
| cystic fibrosis | glandular disfunction that interferes with mucus production: breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in shortened life span physical and oxygen therapy synthetic enzymes and antibiotcs can help live to middle age |
| huntingtons disease | central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration appears after age 35 and usually die 10-20 years after symptoms appear |
| sickle cell anemia | blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure treatment-penicillin, medication for pain, antibiotics, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea |
| behavior genetics | field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits, development, and behavior. Twin studies Adoption studies |
| epigenetic view | Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment |
| gene x environment GxE interaction | Interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment |
| passive heredity environment correlation | children inherit genetic tendencies from their parents, and parents also provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies eg musically inclined parents have musically inclined children and |
| evocative heredity environment correlation | child genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from the environment that supports a particular trait GENES EVOKE ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT happy child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others |
| active ( niche-picking) heredity environment correlation | children actively seek out "niches" in their environment that reflect their own interests and talents and are thus in accord with their genotype libraries is an environmental niche child intellectually interested in books might seek out |
| development of the zygote | takes place during the first two weeks after conception creation of fertilized egg= zygote continued cell division attachment of zygote to uterine wall |
| Blastocyst | the inner layer of cells that develops into the embryo. |
| Trophoblast | the outer layer of cells that provides nutrition and support for the embryo. |
| development of the embryo 1 | Occurs from two to eight weeks after conception Rate of cell differentiation intensifies |
| development of the embryo 2 | Organogenesis - the process of organ formation Rapid structural changes Top to Bottom Inside to Outside |
| development of the embryo 3 | Life-support systems for the embryo form; growth of placenta and umbilical cord Growth of neural tube Prospective mother may experience early signs of pregnancy |
| development of the fetus 1 | Lasts about seven months, from between two months after conception and birth. Fetus’s brain is preparing to carry out vital reflexes and activates circuits for sensing stimulation and learning from it. |
| development of the fetus 2 | During last 2 months, fatty tissues develop and functioning of various organ systems (heart and kidneys) steps up. Mother experiences swelling of the abdomen, weight gain, and can now feel the fetus moving. |
| first trimester ( first three months) | conceptions-4 weeks= zygote=begin-spinal cord, nervous system, heart lungs 8weeks=embryo=face & brain forming, arms legs move, heartbeat 12 weeks= fetus= moves & facial expression, F or M, can pee |
| second trimester (middle 3 months) | 16 wks= 6 in, 7 ounces, strong heartbeat, skin, nails forming, coordinated movements 20wks= 12 in ,1lb sucks thumb, hiccups, hair present 24wks= 14 inc, 1 1/2 lb, eyes open, skin wrinkle, strong grip, waster matter is collected in bowel |
| third trimester (last 3 months) | 28 wks- 16in, 3lbs, + body fat, active, breathing movements 32 wks- 18in, 5lbs, sleep and wakefulness periods, responds to sound, bones of head are soft, iron stored in liver 36 wks 20in, 7lbs , skin not wrinkled, less active , immunities from mother |
| neural tube | long, hollow tube located on embryo’s back; develops 18 to 24 days after conception |
| neurogenesis | the process by which new neurons are created in the brain |
| neural migration | process of cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations takes place between 6 and 24 weeks. |
| neural connectivity | 23rd prenatal week, connections between neurons begin to form, a process that continues postnatally |
| teratogens | cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral developmental outcomes depending severity of damage causes Stunted growth Fetal brain development problems Organ functioning problems |
| teratogens drugs | drugs- Antibiotics, some antidepressants, certain hormones, Accutane Psychoactive drugs : Caffeine – lower birth weight, born small for gestational age |
| teratogens -alcohol- FASD | facial deformities; limb and heart defects; learning problems |
| teratogens | nicotine - low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, respiratory problems, SIDS, cardiovascular problems; ADHD cocaine- Neurological, medical and cognitive deficits Marijuana - Lower intelligence, stillbirth, low birth weight |
| teratogens | maternal diseases, Maternal diet and nutrition, Emotional states (depression, anxiety) stress, Adolescents and women older than 35, Environmental hazards Paternal factors- smoking, 40yrs or older can cause miscarriage/schizophrenic disorders, autism |
| babies at risk | low birth weight, pre term infants, small for date infants |
| The Apgar Scale | widely used method to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth checks heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color reflex irritability |
| Postpartum blues: | feelings of anxiety, upset, or depression that come and go for several months following birth |
| postpartum depression | involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery Strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, and despair, and trouble coping with daily tasks |
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Nanyelynunez
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