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A&P Exam 2
Trewin A&P Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a cell? | The smallest unit of life. |
| What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? | The theory that explains the origin of mitochondrion and plastids through a symbiotic relationship between 2 or more prokaryotes where the larger prokaryote engulfed and retained the smaller prokaryote. |
| What are the cell structures that make up the Cytomembrane System? | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi Apparatus, Secretory Vesicles, and the Plasma Membrane. |
| What are the defining characteristics of the Prokaryotic Cell? | Unicellular, DNA not bound by membrane, Smaller, and are usually Bacteria. |
| What are the defining characteristics of the Eukaryotic Cell? | Multicellular and Unicellular, DNA bound by membrane, Larger, and are usually Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi. |
| What are the 3 major regions of the cell and what is the function of each? | Plasma Membrane (Keep the important parts safe), Cytoplasm (Store DNA + Barrier), DNA (Helps replication). |
| What is the structure and function of the cell's nucleus? | Structure: Nuclear Envelope -> Nucleolus Function: Replication and Regulation of DNA |
| What is a Cytosol? | The gel-like substance holding the components of the cell. |
| What is a Cytoplasm? | The gel and organelles in the cell. |
| What is the Mitochondria? | Double membraned organelle that produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell. |
| What is the Golgi Apparatus? | Stacks of flattened membranes that store, alter, and package secretory products and lysosomal enzymes. |
| What is the sER? | Ribosome-lacking membrane that synthesizes Lipids and Carbs. |
| What is the rER? | Ribosome-bound membrane that makes secretory products. |
| What are Lysosomes? | Vesicles that remove damaged organelles or of pathogens. |
| What are Polysomes? | Linked Ribosomes (via RNA) that help to synthesize cytoplasmic proteins. |
| What are Ribosomes? | RNA Proteins that synthesize protein. |
| What are Centrosomes? | Centrioles (2) that help to move chromosomes during cell division. |
| What are Cilia? | Membrane extensions that help to move materials. |
| What are Microvilli? | Membrane extensions that help to increase surface area. Also help to absorb extracellular materials. |
| What is the Cytoskeleton and what 2 components make it up? | A system made to move cellular structures and materials; Made up of Microtubules and Microfilaments. |
| What are the Secretory Vesicles? | Membrane bound structures that help to move hormones, enzymes and etc. |
| What does Histology mean? | The study of tissues. |
| What is Tissue? | Collection of cells and cell products that perform specific limited functions. |
| What are the general characteristics of Epithelial Tissue? | Line surfaces and forms from all 3 layers of germ. |
| What are the general characteristics of Connective Tissue? | Supportive forms from mesoderm. |
| What are the general characteristics of Muscle Tissue? | Generate movement, forms from mesoderm. |
| What are the general characteristics of Nervous Tissue? | Communication, using electrical signals, formed from ectoderm. |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Simple Squamous Epithelium? | Controlling Permeability, Friction, and Secretion; Lungs; Flat 1 layer (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium? | Absorption, Secretion, and Protection; Kidney Tubules; Cubeular 1 layer (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Simple Columnar Epithelium? | Secretion, Absorption, Protection and Movement; Intestinal Lining; Tall 1 layer (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Pseudostratified columnar Epithelium? | Protection, Secretion, and Movement; Respiratory Tract Lining; Like simple columnar yet looks more "stuffed" with cells (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Stratified Squamous Epithelium? | Protection from abrasion, chemicals and microorganisms; Skin and Mouth; Flat many layered before basement membrane (Avascular) |
| What is the difference between Dry vs Wet Membrane? | The kind of cells that line the apical surface and where the membrane is located. |
| What is ground substance? | Space between the tissues in any diagram. |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Areolar (loose) Connective Tissue? | Keeps organs aligned and separated; Found around many of the important parts of the body; Thin fibers that look like a web (Vascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Adipose Tissue? | Store energy, Absorb shock, Insulation; Certain areas that are insulated or "fatty"; Loose cells that have large blank areas (Vascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Dense Regular Connective Tissue? | Attachment and stabilization; Tendons and Ligaments; Straight lines with dark nuclei in the parallel lines (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue? | Strength in many directions; Deep in the Dermis "Leather"; Crazy structures of muscles in all directions (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Hyaline Cartilage? | Protection of ribcage, shock absorption, and model for bone development; Nasal and Joints; Small chondrocytes in lacunae (Avascular) |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Compact Bone? | Provide structure and physical protection; In bones; Osteocyte within lacunae |
| What are the special structures within an Osteocyte? What is a general description of them? | Cuniculi: Little canals within cell; Lamellae: Small black dots on cell, bind the Cuniculi; Halverson Canal: Blood vessels traveling through cell |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Skeletal Muscle? | Skeletal movement of the body; With/on bones; Striated muscle fibers with with many nuclei perpendicular |
| What is Actin and Myosin? | |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Cardiac Muscle? | Involuntary muscle movement; Heart; Striated muscle with branches and intercalated discs and large nuclei circles |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Smooth Muscle? | Involuntary muscle movement; Walls of hollow organs; Resembles a highly marbled steak with many nuclei, nonstriated |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Nervous Tissue? | Sensing environment, moving signals from one side of the body to another, process info and control response; Nervous system and Brain; Main body with branching structures |
| What are the nuclei of the Nervous Tissue called? | Neuroglia |
| What are the steps in tissue repair? | Damaged/Dead cells released chemicals (increase blood flow+anticoagulant); Inflammation (increase blood flow to promote repair); Regen/Repair (connective tissue) |
| What is the impact of age on tissue? | Increased likelihood of damage, Decreased ability to repair, and Increase rates of cancer. |
| What are the fiber types, matrix and specialized cells for Areolar Tissue? | Collagen and Elastin; Ground substance; Fibroblast/Fibrocytes |
| What are the fiber types, matrix and specialized cells for Adipose Tissue? | Collagen; Ground Substance; Adipocytes |
| What are the fiber types, matrix and specialized cells for Dense Regular Connective Tissue? | Collagen; Ground Substance and Extracellular fluid; Fibroblast/Fibrocytes |
| What are the fiber types, matrix and specialized cells for Dense Irregular Connective Tissue? | Collagen; Proteins; Fibroblast/Fibrocytes |
| What are the fiber types, matrix and specialized cells for Hyaline Cartilage? | Collagen; Lacunae; Chondrocytes |
| What are the fiber types, matrix and specialized cells for Compact Bone? | Collagen; Lacunae; Osteocytes |
| What is the largest system in the body? | Skin |
| What are the main functions of skin? | Protection from outside effects, hardening of cells into specialized uses, UV radiation protection, temperature regulation, excretion, detection, and synthesis of chemicals |
| What is Cornification? | Conversion of cells to a harder substance |
| What is Melanin? | A dark pigment that helps to protect the skin from UV damage |
| What is Keratinization? | Formation of layers of dead cells -> Keratin packets |
| What are the main layers of the skin? | 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis |
| What is the active protein in Melanin? | Tyrosine (Modified Amino Acid) |
| What the location and overall structure of Epidermis Tissue? | Superficial tissue that lines the top of the skin; 30-50 layers of dry squamous epithelium tissue |
| What the location and overall structure of Dermal Tissue? | In the bottom of the skin layers; Usually has a marbled look to the tissue |
| What the location and overall structure of Hypodermis Tissue? | Body fat and connective tissue; Usually has a fatty or connective look |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Stratum Basale? | Skin stem cell location; Bottom of the stratum layers; Single layer of cuboidal cells |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Stratum Spinosum? | Some mitosis and keratinization; 2nd lowest layer in stratum layers; Desmosomes link them together like honeycomb shapes |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Stratum Granulosum? | Keratohyalin granules appear from cross-linking, there also begins the death of cells; middle layer of stratum; flattened layers of cells |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Stratum Lucidum? | Layers of dead cells/keratin to reduce friction ; Present in think skin only; Thin clear cells |
| What the function, location, and overall structure of Stratum Corneum? | Water-proofing and protection against outside agents; Top-most layer of skin; Flat dead cells filled with Keratin |
| What is a Merkel Cell? | A specialized cell that lies with the lining of the stratum basale; These cells let neurons know when compression is happening |
| What is a Langerhans Cell? | A specialized cell that lies with the stratum spinosum; These are immune cells |
| What is Thin skin? | 4 layers of strata; Thinner epidermis, hair present, and thicker dermis |
| What is Thick skin? | 5 layers of strata; Stratum lucidum present, Epidermis thicker, thinner dermis |
| What are the different strains of Melanin? | Eumelanin Brown, Eumelanin Black, Pheomelanin (Red) |
| What are Melanocytes? | Cells that produce melanin |
| What determines the amount of melanin someone has? | Amount of melanocytes, genetics, environment, and general cell activity |
| What are Melanosomes? | Intracellular organelles in the skin that synthesize and store melanin pigments |
| What is skin cancer? | A disease that accumulated due to "risky" behavior as tanning or by genetic disposition; Mutated or damaged DNA |
| How does cancer/skin cancer progress? | 1. Uncontrolled cell division -> Tumors 2. Metastasis Interrupted -> infected area can spread through eroded blood or lymph vessel |
| What is Vitiligo and how does it affect the victim? | An autoimmune depigmentation disease that has partial or complete loss of melanocytes |
| What is Albinism and how does it affect the victim? | A disease with the inability to produce melanin |
| What is Jaundice and how does it affect the victim? | A disease which accumulated bilirubin (breakdown product of hemoglobin) |
| What is Erythema and how does it affect the victim? | Redness in area due to the increase in blood flow |
| What is Cyanosis and how does it affect the victim? | Skin appears blue due to the lack of Oxygen |
| What is Pallor and how does it affect the victim? | Decreased redness due to decreased blood flow |
| What is Hemoglobin? | A pigment found in RBCs also helps to carry O2 in blood |
| What is Carotene? | A yellow pigment shown in humans which can accumulate from diet and shows up in stratum carenum |
| What are the layers of the Dermis? | Papillary and Reticular layers |
| What is the Papillary layer and is it vascular? | The upper layer of the dermis constructed of areolar connective tissue; vascular |
| What is the Reticular layer and is it vascular? | The lower layer of the dermis constructed of dense regular connective tissue; avascular |
| What are the offshoots of skin function? | Hair, Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands, and Nails |
| What are Sweat glands responsible for? | Opening oil into hair follicles or onto the surface of the skin |
| What are Sebaceous glands responsible for? | Opening oil into hair follicles |
| What is the function of hair? | Protection from UV radiation, glare, heat loss |
| What are the three layers of hair? | Cuticle, Cortex Superficial, and Medulla Deep |
| What is the structure and function of Roots? | A carved area in the skin made for hair growth; A way for hair to grow and develop within the skin |
| What is the structure and function of Hair Bulbs? | The bottom area for a hair follicle, the darker shade; Making sure germination and proliferation occurs |
| What is the structure and function of Dermal Papillae? | The top area of the hair layer, just below the normally assumed epidermis, usually seems like dots; Capillary tissue and connective tissue |
| What is the structure and function of the Germinal Matrix? | The area lining the outside of the hair roots; Conducts Mitosis |
| What is the structure and function of Hair Follicles? | The lighter colored hair that lines the inside of the roots; Producing and sustaining hair growth |
| What is the structure and function of Arrector Pili Muscles? | A different shade of skin that lies next to a hair follicle; To move hair for specific reasons for homeostasis |
| What is the structure and function of Sebaceous Glands? | Large sacks right next to the hair follicle areas; Produce and secrete Sebum |
| What is Sebum? | An oily substance within the skin that is composed of oil, fats, waxes and cell debris; Also an emollient with antibacterial/microbial |
| What do certain amounts of Eumelanin Black do for hair? | Lots -> Black Little -> Grey |
| What do certain amounts of Eumelanin Brown do for hair? | Lots -> Brown Little -> Blond |
| What does Pheomelanin do for hair? | Turn hair red |
| What does no melanin do for hair? | Make hair white |
| What does the Eccrine Gland do? | Open to surface of skin and let out a watery substance |
| What does the Apocrine Gland do? | Open to follicles and let out watery substance; usually resides in hairy areas of the body and can respond to stress |
| What does the Ceruminous Gland do? | Create earwax |
| What does the Mammary Gland do? | Create milk |
Created by:
Rotten
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