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Chapter 12 - ANT2410

Stratification

Question	Answer
social position that a person chooses or achieves on his or her own; examples: wife, college professor, criminal, artists, etc.	achieved status
South African system of exclusive racial groups—black, white, colored, & Asian—that were formally recognized, segregated, treated differently in law and life, & occupied different & almost exclusive statuses w/in the society	apartheid
social position that a person is born into; incl. race, ethnicity, family of origin, & biological sex	ascribed status
view that immigrants should abandon their cultural distinctiveness & become mainstream Americans	assimilation
social stratification based on birth/ascribed status in which social mobility between castes is not possible	caste system
category of persons who all have about same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, & prestige & who are ranked relative to other categories	class
form of social stratification in which different strata form a continuum & social mobility is possible	class system
perspective on social stratification that focuses on economic inequality as source of conflict & change	conflict theory
anthropological theory that specific cultural institutions function to support structure of society/serve needs of individuals in society	functionalism (functionalist perspective)
opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society	life chances
view that cultural diversity is a positive value that should be incorporated into national identity & public policy	multiculturalism
ability to control resources in one’s own interest; dimension of social stratification	power
social honor/respect; dimension of social stratification	prestige
culturally constructed category based on perceived physical differences; cultural construction based on specific histories & social structures	race
movement from one social strata to another	social mobility
social hierarchy resulting from the relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods & services in a society	social stratification
accumulation of material resources/access to means of producing these resources; dimension of social stratification	wealth
social stratification involves the __ of culturally constructed categories that change over time within specific __ & __ contexts	intersection; economic; historical
social stratification is related to social __ and is one of the criteria by which __ are defined	complexity; states
basic perspectives on social stratification are	functionalism & conflict theory
functionalism holds that social stratification generally benefits the whole society, by __ people socially & economically for working harder	rewarding
characteristic of social stratification that does not always serve the general good	inequality
social stratification does not necessarily result in recruiting the __ __ people to the __ __ positions	most able; most demanding
emphasizes function of inequality in stable social order	functionalist perspective
in large-scale social systems __ always seem to accompany substantial inequalities when they are based on __ __ of race, gender, caste, or other attributes an individual is born with	resentment; ascribed factors
no society actually offers everyone the __ __ to achieve economic & social success	same opportunities
family background/social connections, gender, ethnicity, race, accumulated wealth, & other factors play important roles in determining available opportunities	in all stratified societies
attributes much conflict in modern societies (crime, terrorism, ethnic conflict, civil/international wars) to organized & systemic inequality	Gerald Berreman
in conflict theory social stratification results from __ __ for scare goods & services	constant struggle
in conflict theory, inequalities exist because individuals/groups who have acquired power, wealth, & prestige use their assets/power to __ __ over system of production & __ of the state	maintain control; apparatus
when attempts to establish __ falter/are challenged, elites fall back on threat of force or its actual use to maintain the __ __	dominance; status quo
conflict theory if central to work of __ __; argued for primary of economic or class interests	Karl Marx
social class who own means of production in capitalist society	capitalists
social class who must sell their labor in order to survive in capitalist society	workers
according to Marx, relationship of individuals to __ __ __ is critical in determining their wealth, power & prestige	means of production
conflict between worker's & owners of means of production & Marx predicted it would be the downfall of this society	central to capitalism
who benefits economically	cui bono
conflict theorists may sometimes ignore the possibility of __ __ that promote solidarity across class, racial, ethnic, & cast line	social mechanisms
social stratification system of any society depends on complex interaction between	power, wealth & prestige
anthropologists analyze power by examining its __ & __ deployed to achieve it	sources; goals
channels through which power is exercised	sources
compare sources/uses of power of American president, prime minister of France, chairman of Communist party of People's Rep. of China, or Ayatollah in Islamic Republic of Iran would be a	cross-cultural perspective
wealth is not __ __ of social status, even in capitalist society, although it can translate into high __ __ & power	sole criterion; social position
wealth is capable of translating into __ power, which in turn reinforces __ power	symbolic; political
may be related to race/ethnicity, income, accumulated wealth, power, personal characteristics, & display of material goods	cultural basis of prestige
not all wealth is a	source of prestige
key source of prestige in all societies is	occupation
occupations are ranked according to their level of spiritual purity/pollution	Hindu caste system
dirty jobs are generally on prestigious jobs in	America
as __ condition change, value system that supports a particular system of __ __ prestige may change	socioeconomic; ranking occupations
surgery was performed by barbers & was lower-class occupation	18th-century Europe
prestige/power associated w/different occupations has almost reversed from traditional society	People's Republic of China
before Communist Revolution, China followed a __ __ __ in which scholars had highest honor	Confucian value system
after Communist Revolution, Chinese workers were __ & scholars often explicitly __ or __	honored; ridiculed; despised
have long debated whether prestige/economic factors are more important in explaining behavior of people in complex, stratified societies	social scientists
German sociologist of late 19th century; argues for importance of status rather than economic interests	Max Weber
Marx thought that people were or should be most conscious of their __ __	class membership
Weber believed that people may value prestige & __ __ __ __ even more than their economic position	symbolic aspects of status
Weber argued that political action can be motivated by a group's desire to __ __ __ __ as well as, or in opposition to its economic self-interest	defend its social position
political action can be motivated by a group's desire to defend its social position as well as, or in opposition to its economic self-interest Marx termed	false consciousness
poor whites did not join poor blacks in working to improve their common economic position because they were more committed to maintaining prestige value based on color/race	American South
when comparing social stratification systems, anthropologists differentiate between systems where social position is based on	ascribed or achieved status
social position primarily based on achievement	open stratification system
social position based on ascription	closed stratification system
in most modern societies __ & __ play role in social stratification system	achievement; ascription
class is category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power & prestige & are ranked __ in relation to other class categories	high-low
in class system, possibilities for social mobility are based on __ achievement rather than __ status	individual; ascribed
even in most open class system __ __ always play role in moving from one class to another	ascribed statuses
closed stratification systems, in which there is __ __ __ possibility of social mobility are called caste systems	little or no
social mobility is a __ __ __ & theoretically possible for all society's members	central cultural value
opportunity for upward social mobility in US	American Dream
social science evidence demonstrates that educational achievement, levels of indebtedness, income, & wealth accumulation are significantly correlated w/race, ethnicity & gender as well as	individual's class status
very significant in achievements of higher education	class-based difference
American Dream is closely ties to other core __ __ such as individualism, meritocracy, work ethic, optimism, pragmatism, progress, & belief in ability of individuals to control circumstances of their lives	American values
economic failure/downward social mobility largely viewed as result of individual failings as well as behaviors, attitudes, & culture of member of lower class, rather than systemic part of social structure	corollary of American Dream
prescient in revealing significance & meaning of downward mobility in American class system	Katherine Newman
Newman defines as those who had secure jobs. comfortable homes, & reason to believe that future would be one of continued prosperity for themselves & their children	downwardly mobile middle-class people
Newman noted that downward mobility was almost __ __ in US	institutionally invisible
Newman observes that downward mobility is a __ __ of American society's experience because it does not fit into our cultural universe	hidden dimension
Newman emphasizes that __ __ entails not only economic decline but also decline is prestige	job loss
cultural emphasis on __ central to American Dream also represses important role of government programs & policies	individualism
GI bill, Social Security, unemployment insurance, progressive income tax, & federal mortgage assistance program are examples of important role of government programs & policies that resulted in	growing middle class since WWII
1930s-1970s social mobility was based on cultural vision that held government should provide a safety net & enable upward mobility for	all Americans
1980s government should be kept small, its spending restricted, & success depended on individual achievement free of government help or interference	new American culture ideology
is gateway to a middle-class lifestyle & serves basis for family economic security in American society	income
have tremendous impact on people’s lives; they are correlated w/health, quality health care in illness, & life span in American society	income & accumulated wealth
essential gateway to increasing life chances & social mobility; basis of decent standard of living incl. access to food, clothing, shelter, health care, quality education, & accumulation of some resources or equity as safety net for emergencies	sufficient & steady family income
negatively affects not only one's own life chances but also those of one's children	insufficient & irregular income
social mobility is a life chance that depends on __ one already is in class system	where
people born into wealth, high status, & power use these resources to __ their high class positions & often have means to keep others from achieving __ __	maintain; upward mobility
have better chance of maintaining their position over generations	rich & powerful people
tend to share similar life experiences, occupational roles, values, educational backgrounds, affiliation, & political views	members of a social class
not merely income, but how that income is spent is an important	dimension of class status
even when income & wealth inequalities rose over past 30 years, __ __ seemed to grow more similar	consumer-related lifestyles
expressed in personal services & exclusive experiences	class differences
high standard of __ __ clouds importance of American class divisions compared to rest of world	material comfort
most important American lifestyle difference related to income is ability of wealthy to buy homes in residential areas __ to those with great deal of money	restricted
class status is still very significant in __ structure & __ achievements in America	family; educational
in America more likely to married before having children, have fewer children, & have children later in life	upper classes
Newman notes, __ __ are among most important factors determining whether those in category near poor can make it into middle class	family circumstances
household incomes between $20,000 & $40,000/year for family of four	near poor
cultural & __ __ of social class reinforce one another	interactional dimensions
through interaction based on common residence & schooling, religious participation, voluntary associations, & other social institutions people learn __ of their social class in America	lifestyle
lifestyle is important part of sociability, informal/intimate social relationships, explains why social classes tend to be largely	endogamous
Chinese, Indian, & Malay are primary ethnic group in	Malaysia
small populations descended from 16th-century traders who politically dominated Malay society for 100 years	Portuguese
defeated Portuguese, colonized Malaysia, & replaced Portuguese in most important political & economic positions	British
when British left, they moved into many commercial & professional positions, now dominating Malaysian economy	Chinese
race is not a __ __ but one constructed by humans in specific cultural & historical context	natural category
race is used to justify __ treatment & __, affecting lives of both racial majority & minorities	differential; discrimination
described Irish as human chimpanzees, race of utter savages, truly barbarous & brutish	Charles Kingsley
differing from British by class/religion, used by British to justify their control over Ireland	degenerate Irish race
as Irish migrated to US notion of their cultural & biological __ was commonly expressed in language of race	inferiority
concept of race applied to Burakumin in	Japan
stigmatized/oppressed group perceived by Japanese as innately physically & morally distinct from other Japanese, although there in fact no physical differences between them	Burakumin
Burakumin are __ __ distinguished by differences in family name, occupation, & placed of residence	invisible race
in many systems of __ __, where physical differences do not define groups, ethnicity, class, caste, or other social distinctions are symbolized in biological/racial terms	inherited stratification
differences in inherited stratification systems are associated w/traits of culture, character, morality, intelligence, personality, & purity that are seen as	natural, inherited, & unaltered
lack of observable physical differences does not prohibit invention of __ __ or emergence of __ __	racial categories; racial stratification
occur in societies w/different culturally constructed views of race	racial stratification
race is viewed as continuum in	Brazil
in US, race is largely defined as a __ __ between black & white	binary opposition
multiple exclusive racial classifications were formally recognized, treated differently in law/life, & occupied different & almost exclusive statuses within society	S Africa
in US race is culturally constructed largely on basis of __ __ __ such as skin color, hair texture, & presumed ancestry	few observable characteristics
historically N American system of racial stratification primarily divides people into	black & white
reality ignored by American dichotomy of racial stratification is that __ __ actually forms a continuum	skin color
reality ignored by American dichotomy of racial stratification is that widespread __ __ occurred historically & continues in present	racial mixing
2000 US census permitted people to identify as __ __ __ race; 7 million people, almost 1/2 whom were under 18, chose to do so	more than one
some scholars suggest may be converging in racial formations	US & Brazil
undermines American binary race project	multiraciality
some scholars hope for __ American society, rather than __ one similar to Brazil	post-racial; hyper-racial
constructed nature revealed in antebellum Southern court decisions, for purpose of school segregation	American binary of race
binary of race classifies Chinese as	white
binary of race classifies individuals w/at least 1/32nd "negro blood" as __, even if their skin color was indistinguishable from __	back; whites
ironic comment on American construction of race, once told American reporter that 96% of Haitians were white using same procedure for counting whites "a drop of white blood" that Americans used for counting blacks	Haitian dictator Papa Doc Duvalier
for white in America ordinary experiences such as shopping, buying/renting place to live, finding hairdresser, do not generally involve __ on their racial identity	reflection
binary form of American racial classification grew out of __ __ of slavery	historical conditions
racial stereotypes used to justify slavery & later segregation in America, were supported by emerging __ & __ __	biological; social sciences
biological & social sciences in America, legitimized races as __ __ natural categories characterized by physical cultural, intellectual, & moral differences	hierarchically arranged
social class, race & ethnicity interact in complex ways to produce the __ __ __ system of US	particular social stratification
race is __ as scientific concept, but as __ __ is centrally implicated in American social stratification system	misguided; social fact
where race intersects with class impacts __ __ of life & __ of life itself in American system	every aspect; potential
black male infant born in US today will life 7 years __ than white male infant	less
racial -- are also revealed in access to healthcare & healthcare outcomes	disparities
30% of African Americans, Latinos, & members of other minority groups are uninsured, compared to 17% of whites in	New York City
people covered by Medicare are more treated differently by health care institutions; more likely to be seen by rotating med students/interns, thus less likely to receive	coordinated medical care
race & racism are highly correlated with	industrial pollution
race compounded by class also affects traumas caused & experienced by	environmental disasters
although African American & Latinos comprise only 25% of US population they are more than 60% of those	in prison
convicted rates 10-35 time higher than white women in US prisons	black women
accumulated wealth only 14.6% & 13.2% of the $140,700 median new worth for white families	African American & Latino
is only one among many social institutions that reflect stratifies nature of class, race, ethnicity, & indigenous status in US	educational achievement
argued for importance of culture; believed voluntary minorities are higher educational achievers than involuntary minorities	John Ogbu
those who came to US voluntarily in order to better their lives	voluntary minorities
include Native Americans, African Americans brought as slaves, & Mexican-Americans incorporated through military policies of expansion	involuntary minorities
present US population consists substantially of voluntary migrants & it is unclear how/if this has affected their educational achievement	Mexican-Americans
Ogbu wrote, voluntary minorities believe in possibilities for social mobility & thus emphasize education as	route to getting ahead
Ogbu wrote, involuntary minorities view social hierarchy of US as unfair, permanent, & systematically__; less likely to believe that educational achievement will lead to success in life	discriminatory
students from involuntary minorities cope w/subordinated social status by creating a 2ndary culture in which peer group values of cool behavior are more important than academic achievement; characteristic of inner-city Latino & African-American ghettos	oppositional culture
oppositional culture makes __ __ likely	academic failure
study of E Harlem; school itself is significant place for learning oppositional culture, including necessary skills for surviving on streets of inner cities all of which undermine	effective learning
anthropologists emphasize that negative effects of inner city oppositional culture have their course in __ of inner-city neighborhoods	poverty
anthropologists emphasize that negative effects of inner city oppositional culture have their course in discriminatory __ __ such as low expectations of minority student	educational policies
anthropologists emphasize that negative effects of inner city oppositional culture have their course in __ & __ schools	overcrowded; underfunded
anthropologists emphasize that negative effects of inner city oppositional culture have their course in __ teachers	less-qualified
much social science research shows that most inner-city residents support mainstream __ __ & behaviors, especially educational achievement	cultural norms
where oppositional cultural model puts burden on inner-city student to change their culture, model's critics emphasize education achievement among minorities depends upon fairer distribution of __	resources
where oppositional cultural model puts burden on inner-city student to change their culture, model's critics emphasize education achievement among minorities depends upon more __ educational policies	equitable
where oppositional cultural model puts burden on inner-city student to change their culture, model's critics emphasize education achievement among minorities depends upon transformation of schools into safer, more __ environments	disciplined
Brazil has __ __ whose core labor force consisted of African slaves	plantation economy
policy in Brazil of encourage immigration of Europeans	whitening
after slavery was abolished in Brazil, they did not translate racial distinctions into __ & interracial marriage & sexual relations were not __	law; illegal
laws in US affected marriages of white w/African Americans, Japanese, Filipinos, & Native Americans as central ideological tool for constituting & reproducing	white supremacy
individuals of African descent account for 45% of	Brazil's population
15% of Brazil's population identify as __ on census form	preta (black)
the remainder of Brazil's population identify as __ on census form	parda
parda in Brazil signifies brown, of __ African ancestry	partial
__ in Brazil is tied to social stratification	self-identification
Brazilian understanding of race is __, but distribution of wealth & services in profoundly unequal & __	flexible; racial
intermediate category between black & white	mulatto
light mulatto	mulatto claro
person w/reddish skin & light curly hair	sarara
promoted idea that Brazilian national identity resulted from mixing people of European, African, & indigenous ancestry; influence gave race mixing positive connotation	Gilberto Freyre
Freyre's work used to promote notion among politicians, academics, & in culture at large that Brazil was a	racial democracy
measure national quality of life	UN Human Development Index (HDI)
in Brazil __ __ between whites & nonwhites are much greater than in US	educational disparities
Brazil has higher rate of __ than the US	illiteracy
Brazilian __ __ is almost entirely domain of the province of white elites	higher education
argues ethnicity has important cultural content, must be viewed as aspect of relationships among groups in society which may be competitive, conflictual, cooperative, or combination	Fredrick Barth
Barth's approach led anthropologists to ask new questions about how ethnicity works as a vehicle for	association, collective action, & personal identity
Barth's approach led anthropologists to ask new questions about how ethnic groups & identities __, __ & __ in response to economic & social environments	emerge; change; disappear
narrative of America as a nation of immigrants to pursue freedom from fear & vision of American dream taking place simultaneously with ongoing project of creating	American national identity
early idealistic vision of America as land of opportunity, upward mobility, & political freedom were largely restricted to immigrants from	northern & western Europe (Nordic)
American Constitution limited __ to those who were free & white	citizenship
1880-1920s immigrants from S & E Europe (Greeks & Poles) were racially distinguished from	Nordic races
1920s restrictive immigration laws effectively limited immigration to Nordic groups viewed as culturally, physically, & politically similar to members of groups who __ __ in US	held power
until mid-20th-century __ __ __ regarding immigrants was assimilation	dominant American ideology
settlement houses, public schools, & citizenship classes were formed to teach immigrants __ __ & motivate them to assimilate	American ways
referred primarily to ethnic groups descended from European populations	melting pot
melting excluded __ __ minorities-Mexican, African/Native American-as well as small numbers of Asians/Middle East	racially defined
was also imposed on Native Americans; largely failed to persuade to adopt mainstream culture, but did result in loss of culture & lead, & increase in social problems such as alcoholism & poverty	policy of assimilation
intended to permanently alienated Native American children from their cultures & languages	American boarding schools
headed Bureau of Indian Affairs, government policies reversed to support strengthening of Indian cultures & societies	John Collier
1965, explicitly aimed at reversing discriminatory basis of earlier immigration laws	Nationality Act
Nationality Act greatly expanded number of people permitted to immigrate from __ __ against nations	previously discriminated
Nationality Act abolished __ __	immigration quotas
Nationality Act gave __ __ to social goal of family unification	high priority
Nationality Act put refugee immigration on a more __ basis	structured
rise of international terrorism, cyclical nature of global/national/regional economies, increase of illegal immigration, & transnationalism	changing contexts of immigration
1965 immigration laws opened up US to skilled, highly trained __ immigrants from S Asia as well as Middle East	Muslim
largest group of Latinos are	first-generation immigrants
as of 2002 Mexicans accounted for 20% of total __ __ to US	legal immigration
castes are hereditary & __	endogamous
caste are ranked in relation to one another & characteristically associated with __ __	traditional occupations
caste system consists of ranked, culturally distinct, interdependent, endogamous group with rigidly maintained __ between castes	boundaries
blacksmiths, praise-singers, & leather workers function as endogamous castes	W Africa
peasants & nobility were endogamous castes	traditional European society
before 1950 era of expanding civil right, black/white relations in American south also __ __ of cast system	incorporated elements
caste system deeply & historically embedded in culture & plays central role in social stratification	India
__ __ of Indian caste system are its complexity, relation to Hindu religious beliefs & rituals, & degree to which castes are cohesive & self-regulating groups	unique elements
Hindu caste system contains four main categories called	varna
highest ranked varna; priests & scholars	Brahmins
2nd highest ranked varna; ruling & warrior cast	Kshatriyas
3rd ranked varna; merchants	Viasyas
4th ranked varna; menial workers & artisans	Shudras
5th group below 4 varnas; previously called untouchables; perform spiritually polluting work such as cleaning latrines or tanning leather	Dalits
Dalits are considered so ritually __ that their mere touch, or even shadow, __ purity of higher castes	impure; contaminates
birth into Hindu caste is considered __ or __ for actions in previous life	reward; punishment
in Indian villages the lowest castes are __ & __ segregated, prohibited from using high caste wells & temples	spatially; socially
previously untouchable class of leather workers/shoemakers who became fairly wealthy due to increased domestic/global demand for leather shoes	Camars of Agra
when initial attempt to raise their caste failed in Hindu caste system Camars converted to __ which put them outside the Hindu cast system	Buddhism
in rural/urban India caste ranking appears to be less sharply defined as before, at least within __ __ categories	higher caste
significant change in caste system in India is weakening in __ __ between caste & occupation	traditional connection
significant change in public discourse about Hindu castes is that they are now commonly referred to in public as __ __ or __	cultural communities; associations
Hindu castes were previously called jatis which literally means	species
in public strict maintenance of Hindu cast boundaries such as __ , has weakened particularly in cities	inter-dining
in private/rural areas many Hindu caste-related boundaries remain particularly regarding __ marriages	arranged
__ __ in education & employment, based on (low) caste status incorporated into Indian Constitution, keeps caste alive for more pragmatic reasons	affirmative action
even w/rise of new Indian class system, cast remains __ __ __ in Indian society & is unlikely to disappear in near future	important structural element
India's __ & __ systems are changing under impact of global economy	caste; class
heavily subsidized farms in US/Europe has depressed international prices for agricultural products affecting million of __ __ in India	cotton farmers
since India's government does not provide much social support & financial aid for farmers they are forced to rely on	informal sector moneylenders
race is recent human invention, race is about culture not biology, & race/racism continue to be embedded in American culture, social institutions, & everyday life are three main message of	RACE project
in US race is closely linked to __ economy	plantation
ethnography of Southern community documents vulnerability of African Americans to industrial pollution & ways in which community response shaped by racial stratification	Melissa Checker
social stratification is the result of __ distribution of resources	unequal
conflict theory holds that the natural condition of society is	conflict & change
according to the text, the recession of 2008-2009 showed that __ __ of our economic system outweigh individual factors in explaining failure & inequality	systemic aspects
in a caste system, the basic relationship between castes is	interdependence
debt accumulation is an example of manner in which class, race, and ethnicity __ in the US	intersect
most foreign-born American Muslims __ in the American Dream	believe

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