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Exam 4- Anatomy
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens if the epiglottis fails to work properly? | -food and liquid could enter the airway/possible aspiration -cough reflex would initiate |
| Is the esophagus anterior or posterior to the trachea? | posterior |
| There is _________ _________ in the pleural cavity which lubricates the pleural surfaces. | serous fluid |
| What does the serous fluid help the lungs do? | move more freely during respiration |
| What does type 2 alveolar epithelial cells produce and how does this help the lungs? | produces pulmonary surfactant which is a lipid protein substance that reduces tension at the air-liquid interface in the alveolar spaces. This keeps the lungs from collapsing. |
| What do mucous cells found in submucosal glands secrete and how does this play a role in protecting the lungs? | secrete mucin which plays a role in protecting the lungs from pathogens and toxins |
| What is the respiratory systems first line of defense? | the mucin that is secreted by the mucous cells in submucosal glands |
| What is a normal field size for the larynx? | 5x5 |
| With H&N cancer, what gender is more often affected? | men |
| With H&N cancer, what race is more often affected? | African American |
| With H&N cancer, what age is typical? | older than 40 |
| Etiology of H&N cancer | -smoking -alcohol -betel nuts (the red coating) -poor nutrition -viruses (HPV and EB) -genetic defects -chronic irritation |
| What 2 etiological factors of H&N cancer have a synergistic effect? | smoking and drinking |
| What is the most common histology of H&N cancer? | squamous cell |
| How is staging done for H&N cancer? | based on the size of the tumor and the number or size of lymph nodes involved |
| Name the 5 risk factors involved with Oral cancer. | -tobacco use -alcohol -oral infection (HPV) -sun exposure for lip cancer -reflux (larynx cancer) |
| T or F. The cure rate is better for HPV cancers than for smoking related cancers. | True |
| There are 9 H&N cancer sites. Try to list them. | -paranasal sinuses -buccal mucosa -lip -base of tongue -tonsil -salivary gland -nasopharynx -pyriform sinus -larynx |
| Dr. Legg stated that if air can touch it, then the cell type is _________________ cell. | squamous |
| What do the sinuses do? | lighten the weight of the head, filter and warm air, function in sound resonance, serve as crumple zone in the case of facial trauma |
| Which paranasal sinus is most commonly affected by cancer? | maxillary sinuses |
| Most sinus tumors are ____________ cell carcinomas. | squamous |
| What other tumors can also be found in the sinuses, but it is not as common. | adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, sarcomas, and papillomas |
| Papillomas are usually __________. | benign |
| Maxillary sinus tumors are usually __________ and _____________. | large and invasive |
| What is the best treatment for maxillary sinus tumors? | chemo and radiation to shrink the tumor before it is surgically removed |
| Collectively, most H&N cancers start where? | in the oral cavity |
| Erythroplakia vs Leukoplakia | erythroplakia is red patchy areas on the mucosa while leukoplakia is white patchy areas on the mucosa |
| Endophytic vs Exophytic | Endophytic means it is growing into the tissue and exophytic means it is growing out of the tissue |
| Lip cancer is typically ___________ cell carcinoma. | squamous |
| What causes lip cancer? | sun exposure, smoking, chemicals, and burns |
| How do we treat lip cancer in rad therapy? | electrons (superficial) |
| Nasopharynx tumors are usually treated as what before it is caught? | vertigo bc the eustachian tubes open up into the nasopharynx and this causes balance issues |
| Tumors of the nasopharynx are related to what 2 causes? | EBV and alcohol |
| What is a normal symptom of a nasopharynx tumor? | bloody nasal discharge |
| Nasopharynx tumors are usually ______________ cell carcinoma. | squamous |
| The hypopharynx is also known as the what? | laryngopharynx |
| The hypopharynx includes what 3 things? | -piriform sinuses -lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls -post-cricoid region |
| Does the hypopharynx (aka laryngopharynx) house the larynx? | No |
| What part of the hypopharynx is the most common pathology site? | pyriform sinus |
| Larynx tumors are caused by what 2 things? | smoking and alcohol |
| Larynx tumors are classified as ______________ cell carcinomas. | squamous |
| List the treatment field borders for the larynx. | Superior: hyoid bone Inferior: cricoid cartilage Anterior: 1-1.5 cm flash Posterior: vertebral bodies |
| Dr. Legg stated that any glandular tissue tumors are typically classified as ________________. | adenocarcinomas |
| Salivary gland tumors mostly involve the ______________ _____________. | parotid gland |
| What is the treatment option for salivary gland tumors? | surgery first and then radiation |
| Possible side effect of salivary gland tumor treatment? | dry mouth |
| What is the most common cancer in men? | prostate |
| What is the most common cancer in women? | breast |
| What is the second most common cancer among men and women? | lung cancer |
| What race is typically most affected by lung cancer? | african american male OR white female |
| What age is typically most affected by lung cancer? | 65 or older |
| What is the leading cause of death in the US? | lung cancer |
| T or F. More people in the US die from lung cancer than colon, prostate, and breast cancer combined. | True |
| There are multiple etiological factors that contribute to lung cancer. Try to list them. | -smoking (1st, 2nd, and 3rd hand) -exposure to radon -exposure to asbestos -exposure to radiation -chronic lung disease -environmental exposures -pollution -family hx |
| Small cell lung cancer is also known as? | oat cell |
| Oat cell lung cancer accounts for _____% of diagnosed lung cancers. | 15% |
| Non-small cell lung cancer consists of what 4 types. | -adenocarcinomas -squamous cell carcinoma -large cell carcinoma -carcinoid |
| Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for ____% of diagnosed lung cancers. | 85% specifically, adenocarcinoma is 40%, squamous cell is 30%, large cell is 10% and carcinoid/other is 3% |
| Why is small cell lung cancer aka oat cell? | bc it looks like oats microscopically |
| What is oat cell lung cancer capable of secreting? | hormones which is not something lungs do |
| Why is it not a good thing that oat cell lung cancer has the capability of secreting hormones? | bc lungs do not secrete hormones and this could create symptoms which lead to paraneoplastic syndrome which can lead to Addison's disease |
| T or F. Oat cell lung cancer spreads quickly and is usually in several locations at the time of diagnosis. | True |
| What 2 sites is typically where oat cell lung cancer spreads? | brain (most common) and adrenal glands |
| What treatment option is oat cell lung cancer most responsive to? | chemotherapy |
| What type of lung cancer often requires prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI)? | oat cell lung cancer |
| What is a typical PCI dose? | 2400-3000 cGy |
| Which type of lung cancer is not always related to smoking? | adenocarcinoma |
| Where does adenocarcinoma typically occur in the lungs? | glandular tissue and often located peripherally |
| What gender is adenocarcinoma more commonly affected? | women |
| Which type of lung cancer has the greatest link to smoking? | squamous cell carcinoma |
| What type of cells does squamous cell carcinoma occur in? | keratinizing cells |
| Where are the squamous cell tumors often located? | centrally |
| What is a primary symptom of squamous cell carcinoma? | hemoptysis (coughing up blood) |
| What type of lung tumor is found in the apices of the lungs and typically large in nature? | pancoast tumor |
| What anatomical site can the pancoast tumor possibly invade? | brachial plexus |
| Which type of lung cancer is associated with asbestos exposure? | mesothelioma |
| Mesothelioma affects the ________ of the lung. | pleura |
| How can mesothelioma be treated? | chemotherapy |
| What case could possibly occur as an emergency rad therapy treatment? | SVC syndrom |
| Can you lay a person with SVC syndrome flat? | No, bc they would not be able to breathe |
| Where is the esophagus located in reference to the trachea? | posterior |
| Define pulmonary edema. | excess fluid in the lungs, produces swelling and the fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs making it difficult to breathe |
| The most common tumor arising in the esophagus is? | adenocarcinoma |
| What percent of smokers develop lung cancer? | 10-20% *this was one on the quiz and the other statistic is that 80-85% of lung cancers are linked to smoking |
| What is the second leading cause of lung cancer? | radon exposure |
| The most common presenting symptom of lung cancer is persistent _____________. | cough |
| Hounsfield number for bone | 1000 |
| Hounsfield number for water | 0 |
| Hounsfield number for air | -1000 |
| Is surgery a common option for SCLC? | No, bc most are caught in advanced stages of the disease |
| What kind of treatment would SVC syndrome require? | 3-4 fx of 300-400 cGy (treated through an open field) followed by a reduction for a daily dose of 180-200 cGy (treated through an open field) followed by a customized field) for a total of 4500-6000 cGy |
| SBRT lung treatments usually require how many fractions? | 1-5 |
| Treatment rx for lung cancer | 180 cGy in 35 fx for a total dose of 6300 cGy |
| Treatment rx for PCI | 250 cGy in 10 fx for a total dose of 2500 cGy |
| Treatment rx for Esophageal cancer | 200 cGy in 30 fx for a total dose of 6000 cGy |
| Skin TD 5/5 | 5000 |
| Esophagus TD 5/5 | 5500 |
| Brachial Plexus TD 5/5 | 6000 |
| Heart TD 5/5 | 4000 |
| Lung TD 5/5 | 1750 |
| Spinal Cord TD 5/5 | 4500 |
| Larynx TD 5/5 | 4500 |
Created by:
lheard
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