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unit 2 vocab p1
research methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Knew it all along phenomenon |
| theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| operational definition | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with the different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced |
| case study | a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles |
| naturalistic observation | a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation |
| survey | a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
| sampling bias | a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample |
| population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance for inclusion |
| correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
| correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things |
| variable | anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure |
| scatter plot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation |
| illusory correlation | perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship |
| regression toward the mean | the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
| experimental group | in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
| control group | in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
| random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups |
| double blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participant and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. |
| placebo effect | latin for "I shall please" experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an insert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes in an active agent |
Created by:
julianna merrill
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