Question 1

1. How are learning and memory defined differently in psychology?
A. Learning is the process of acquiring new information; memory is the retention of that information.
B. Learning is the process of forgetting information, while memory is retaining it.
C. Memory is the acquisition of knowledge, and learning is how you store it.
D. Memory involves forgetting, while learning is about retrieving information.

Accepted Answer

A. Learning is the process of acquiring new information; memory is the retention of that information.

Question 2

2. Primary reinforcers are...
A. Reinforcers that must be learned to be effective.
B. Naturally reinforcing stimuli, like food or water.
C. Reinforcers that are social in nature.
D. Reinforcers that only work in certain situations.

Accepted Answer

B. Naturally reinforcing stimuli, like food or water.

Question 3

3. The difference between reinforcers and punishments is...
A. Reinforcers increase behaviors, while punishments decrease behaviors.
B. Reinforcers decrease behaviors, while punishments increase behaviors.
C. Reinforcers are negative, while punishments are always positive.
D. Reinforcers only work when combined with punishments.

Accepted Answer

A. Reinforcers increase behaviors, while punishments decrease behaviors.

Question 4

4. Which of the following describes positive punishment?
A. Taking away a privilege to decrease a behavior.
B. Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
C. Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.
D. Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

Accepted Answer

B. Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Question 5

5. What condition must be met for punishment to be effective?
A. Punishment must be inconsistent and delayed.
B. Punishment must be frequent and specific.
C. Punishment must be immediate and consistent.
D. Punishment must be combined with positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

C. Punishment must be immediate and consistent.

Question 6

6. The threat of severe punishment is typically...
A. An effective long-term deterrent for undesirable behavior.
B. Ineffective because it can cause anxiety and avoidance.
C. Effective only when followed by rewards.
D. The best method for reducing behaviors permanently.

Accepted Answer

B. Ineffective because it can cause anxiety and avoidance.

Question 7

7. Successive approximations are used to produce learning through...
A. Classical conditioning.
B. Observational learning.
C. Operant learning.
D. Latent learning.

Accepted Answer

C. Operant learning.

Question 8

8. B.F. Skinner is known for...
A. Developing classical conditioning with dogs.
B. Studying observational learning with children.
C. Creating the operant chamber for studying behavior.
D. Experimenting with punishment to shape behaviors.

Accepted Answer

C. Creating the operant chamber for studying behavior.

Question 9

9. Continuous reinforcement leads to...
A. Rapid extinction when the reinforcement stops.
B. Slower learning but more stable behaviors.
C. Faster learning and resistance to extinction.
D. The lowest levels of extinction.

Accepted Answer

A. Rapid extinction when the reinforcement stops.

Question 10

10. What is associative learning?
A. Learning through repeated exposure to a stimulus.
B. Learning that two events occur together.
C. Learning through trial and error.
D. Learning through observation and imitation.

Accepted Answer

B. Learning that two events occur together.

Question 11

11. Ivan Pavlov is best known for...
A. His experiments with dogs to develop operant conditioning.
B. Creating a cognitive map of rat behavior.
C. Studying fear responses in children.
D. Developing classical conditioning with his dog experiments.

Accepted Answer

D. Developing classical conditioning with his dog experiments.

Question 12

12. John B. Watson’s "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated...
A. Generalization of learned fears.
B. The effect of punishment on behavior.
C. The impact of operant conditioning on animals.
D. The biological basis of emotions.

Accepted Answer

A. Generalization of learned fears.

Question 13

13. Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments demonstrated...
A. The effects of classical conditioning on animals.
B. The power of positive punishment.
C. Observational learning and social-cognitive theory.
D. The limitations of reinforcement in learning.

Accepted Answer

C. Observational learning and social-cognitive theory.

Question 14

14. What makes it more likely for a person to adopt the behaviors of a model?
A. The model is different in age and gender.
B. The model is similar and admired.
C. The model is unpredictable and inconsistent.
D. The behavior is not socially accepted.

Accepted Answer

B. The model is similar and admired.

Question 15

15. How does the sympathetic nervous system relate to emotions?
A. It calms the body after emotional arousal.
B. It prepares the body for action during intense emotions.
C. It promotes relaxation during positive emotions.
D. It is inactive during stress or fear responses.

Accepted Answer

B. It prepares the body for action during intense emotions.

Question 16

16. The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory suggests that...
A. Emotions are purely physical responses.
B. Emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
C. Emotions are driven solely by environmental factors.
D. Emotional responses are predetermined and automatic.

Accepted Answer

B. Emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Question 17

17. The "spillover effect" refers to...
A. When arousal from one event influences the response to another event.
B. When emotions are unrelated to the current environment.
C. When emotional responses are suppressed over time.
D. The connection between positive reinforcement and learning.

Accepted Answer

A. When arousal from one event influences the response to another event.

Question 18

18. According to research, which sex tends to be better at reading emotions?
A. Men, especially those with high social intelligence.
B. Women, especially in reading facial expressions.
C. Both men and women are equally skilled.
D. Children, regardless of gender.

Accepted Answer

B. Women, especially in reading facial expressions.

Question 19

19. The Pop-out effect describes...
A. A sudden understanding of a problem.
B. When a specific stimulus stands out against its surroundings.
C. The unexpected recall of a suppressed memory.
D. When reinforcement causes a behavior to spike.

Accepted Answer

B. When a specific stimulus stands out against its surroundings.

Question 20

20. How do children with a history of abuse perceive ambiguous faces?
A. As more fearful than angry.
B. As more angry than fearful.
C. As neutral, with little emotion.
D. As happy, regardless of expression.

Accepted Answer

B. As more angry than fearful.

W6,7 SG

Week 6-7 study guide


1. How are learning and memory defined differently in psychology? A. Learning is the process of acquiring new information; memory is the retention of that information. B. Learning is the process of forgetting information, while memory is retaining it. C. Memory is the acquisition of knowledge, and learning is how you store it. D. Memory involves forgetting, while learning is about retrieving information.	A. Learning is the process of acquiring new information; memory is the retention of that information.
2. Primary reinforcers are... A. Reinforcers that must be learned to be effective. B. Naturally reinforcing stimuli, like food or water. C. Reinforcers that are social in nature. D. Reinforcers that only work in certain situations.	B. Naturally reinforcing stimuli, like food or water.
3. The difference between reinforcers and punishments is... A. Reinforcers increase behaviors, while punishments decrease behaviors. B. Reinforcers decrease behaviors, while punishments increase behaviors. C. Reinforcers are negative, while punishments are always positive. D. Reinforcers only work when combined with punishments.	A. Reinforcers increase behaviors, while punishments decrease behaviors.
4. Which of the following describes positive punishment? A. Taking away a privilege to decrease a behavior. B. Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. C. Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior. D. Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.	B. Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
5. What condition must be met for punishment to be effective? A. Punishment must be inconsistent and delayed. B. Punishment must be frequent and specific. C. Punishment must be immediate and consistent. D. Punishment must be combined with positive reinforcement.	C. Punishment must be immediate and consistent.
6. The threat of severe punishment is typically... A. An effective long-term deterrent for undesirable behavior. B. Ineffective because it can cause anxiety and avoidance. C. Effective only when followed by rewards. D. The best method for reducing behaviors permanently.	B. Ineffective because it can cause anxiety and avoidance.
7. Successive approximations are used to produce learning through... A. Classical conditioning. B. Observational learning. C. Operant learning. D. Latent learning.	C. Operant learning.
8. B.F. Skinner is known for... A. Developing classical conditioning with dogs. B. Studying observational learning with children. C. Creating the operant chamber for studying behavior. D. Experimenting with punishment to shape behaviors.	C. Creating the operant chamber for studying behavior.
9. Continuous reinforcement leads to... A. Rapid extinction when the reinforcement stops. B. Slower learning but more stable behaviors. C. Faster learning and resistance to extinction. D. The lowest levels of extinction.	A. Rapid extinction when the reinforcement stops.
10. What is associative learning? A. Learning through repeated exposure to a stimulus. B. Learning that two events occur together. C. Learning through trial and error. D. Learning through observation and imitation.	B. Learning that two events occur together.
11. Ivan Pavlov is best known for... A. His experiments with dogs to develop operant conditioning. B. Creating a cognitive map of rat behavior. C. Studying fear responses in children. D. Developing classical conditioning with his dog experiments.	D. Developing classical conditioning with his dog experiments.
12. John B. Watson’s "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated... A. Generalization of learned fears. B. The effect of punishment on behavior. C. The impact of operant conditioning on animals. D. The biological basis of emotions.	A. Generalization of learned fears.
13. Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments demonstrated... A. The effects of classical conditioning on animals. B. The power of positive punishment. C. Observational learning and social-cognitive theory. D. The limitations of reinforcement in learning.	C. Observational learning and social-cognitive theory.
14. What makes it more likely for a person to adopt the behaviors of a model? A. The model is different in age and gender. B. The model is similar and admired. C. The model is unpredictable and inconsistent. D. The behavior is not socially accepted.	B. The model is similar and admired.
15. How does the sympathetic nervous system relate to emotions? A. It calms the body after emotional arousal. B. It prepares the body for action during intense emotions. C. It promotes relaxation during positive emotions. D. It is inactive during stress or fear responses.	B. It prepares the body for action during intense emotions.
16. The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory suggests that... A. Emotions are purely physical responses. B. Emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. C. Emotions are driven solely by environmental factors. D. Emotional responses are predetermined and automatic.	B. Emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
17. The "spillover effect" refers to... A. When arousal from one event influences the response to another event. B. When emotions are unrelated to the current environment. C. When emotional responses are suppressed over time. D. The connection between positive reinforcement and learning.	A. When arousal from one event influences the response to another event.
18. According to research, which sex tends to be better at reading emotions? A. Men, especially those with high social intelligence. B. Women, especially in reading facial expressions. C. Both men and women are equally skilled. D. Children, regardless of gender.	B. Women, especially in reading facial expressions.
19. The Pop-out effect describes... A. A sudden understanding of a problem. B. When a specific stimulus stands out against its surroundings. C. The unexpected recall of a suppressed memory. D. When reinforcement causes a behavior to spike.	B. When a specific stimulus stands out against its surroundings.
20. How do children with a history of abuse perceive ambiguous faces? A. As more fearful than angry. B. As more angry than fearful. C. As neutral, with little emotion. D. As happy, regardless of expression.	B. As more angry than fearful.

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