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AP Psych Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Experimental Method | analyzes cause & effect // needs a hypothesis, IV, DV, operational definition, random assignment, random selection, and confounding variable control |
| Hindsight Bias | "I knew it all along" phenomenon |
| Hypothesis | educated guess about the expected outcome of the event |
| Theory | aims to explain some phenomenon |
| Operational Definitions | explanation as to how a variable is being measured |
| Variable | any factor capable of change |
| Placebo Effect | the phenomenon in which a fake treatment (placebo) improves a patient's conditions simply due to their expectations |
| Participant-Relevant Confounding Variables | personality characteristics of a participant that could impact the study's results |
| Situation-Relevant Confounding Variables | differences is situations where the tests are performed that could impact the study's results |
| Sampling | process for selecting participants |
| Stratified Sampling | when the researcher divides an entire population into subgroups, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different subgroups (type of random selection) |
| Group Matching | if we were group matching in terms of gender, the researcher would divide the sample into males and females, then randomly assign half to each group (type of random assignment) |
| Order Effect | performing better the second time you take a test, which alters the study's results |
| Counterbalancing | using half the participants to do one order of things and the other half to do the other order |
| Lab Experiment | experiment conducted in a lab // participants know they're being studied (potential experimenter bias) |
| Demand Characteristic | subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find out how the participants are expected to behave (can alter outcome) |
| Strengths Of Lab Experiments | easy to replicate, precise control |
| Limitations Of Lab Experiments | artificiality, experiment bias, demand characteristics |
| Hawthorne Effect | the tendency of some people to perform better and work harder when they are participants in an experiment |
| Participant Bias | tendency of subjects to behave in certain ways |
| Social Desirability | tendency to try and give answers that will reflect well among participants |
| Field Experiment | experiment takes place in the real world // people do not know they're being studied // IV is still manipulated |
| Strengths Of Field Experiments | more likely to reflect real life, less likelihood of demand characteristics |
| Limitations Of Field Experiments | less control over extraneous variables |
| Case Study | full, detailed 'picture' of one participant or a small group of participants |
| Strengths Of Case Studies | provides detailed information |
| Limitations Of Case Studies | nothing is controlled, many confounding variables |
| Correlational Study | the relationship between two variables without ascribing cause |
| CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION | just important to know ;) |
| Strength Of Surveys | lots of feedback |
| Weaknesses Of Surveys | participant-relevant confounding variables, can't ascribe cause |
| Correlation Coefficient | computes the strength of a correlations // goes from -1 to +1 |
| Confirmation Bias | when we over-rely on confirming evidence, and ignore the opposing evidence |
| Qualitative | non-numerical information gathered by researchers (ex: case studies) |
| Quantitative | numerical information gathered by researchers that can be put into categories, ranks, etc. (ex: questionnaires) |
| Descriptive Statistics | describe a set of data |
| Frequency Distribution | an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs |
| Histograms | graphs that tell us how often a score occurs |
| Central Tendency | attempt to mark the center of a distribution |
| Positively Skewed Distribution | more low scores than high |
| Negatively Skewed Distrivution | more high scores than low |
| Standard Deviation | tells us the standard (what is normal and abnormal) // tells us how the average person differs from the mean |
| Z Scores | measure the distance from the mean in units of standard deviation // below mean is a negative Z score and above mean is a positive Z score |
| Normal Curve | theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z-scores has been predetermined |
| Purpose Of Inferential Statistics | to find out whether or not a finding can be applied to the general population from which the sample was selected |
| Sampling Error | the extent to which the sample differs from the population |
| P Value | gives the probability that the difference between groups is due to chance |
| The Smaller The P Value... | the more significant the results |
| A P Value Can Never Be... | 0 |
| If A P Value Is 0.5 Or Above... | is not statistically significant // means that there is a 5%+ chance that the results occurred by chance |
| The Stronger The Correlation And The Larger The Sample... | the more likely the relationship will be statistically significant |
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) | ethics board for the American Psychological Association (APA) // reviews proposals for ethical violations and/or procedural errors |
| Guidelines For Human Research | no coercion, informed consent, anonymity, risk, debreifing |
| No Coercion Guideline | participation must be voluntary and not by threat or force |
| Risk Guideline | participants must not be placed at significant mental or physical risk |
| Guidelines For Animal Research | clear scientific purpose, animals must be best suited, care for animals in a humane way, acquire animal subjects legally, employ the least amount of suffering |
| Validity | research is valid when it measures what it sets out to measure (it's accurate) |
| Reliability | research is reliable when the results can be replicated (consistent results) |
| Objectivity | research is objective when it is unbiased |
| Basic Research | explores questions that are if interest to a psychologist, but not intended to have a real-world application immediately |
| Applied Research | research that has a clear and practical application |
| Longitudinal Studies | observational research that involves studying the same group of people over an extended period of time |
| Cross-Sectional Studies | uses two groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, such as age, but who share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity |
| Measures Of Variability | attempt to depict the diversity of distribution // range, variance, standard deviation |
| Variance | calculates the difference between each score |
| Z Score Formula | (raw score - mean) / standard deviation |
Created by:
abievans
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