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Module 2
Chapter 2 Week 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Low dose-effect curve | Measuring the response to the dose of the drug |
| Potency | The amount of drug required to produce an effect |
| Efficacy | related to the maximal effect of a drug regardless of dose |
| Therapeutic action | related to the maximal effect of a drug regardless of dose |
| Therapeutic range | range between the dose causing the minimum effect and the dose causing the minimum adverse effect |
| Therapeutic index (TI) | number that determines the safety of a drug (the greater the TI, the safer the drug) |
| Hepatic | Liver |
| Biotransformation | is the body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys |
| Tolerance | the need for an increasingly larger dose of the drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose |
| Renal | Kidney |
| Duration | is the length of a drug’s effect. |
| Half-life | the half-life of a drug is the amount of time that passes for its concentration to fall to half (50%) of its original blood level |
| Two major barriers: | Blood-brain barrier and placenta |
| Agonist: | The drug will enhance |
| Antagonist: | Inhibit the function |
| The 4 steps that influence the movement of a drug: | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination |
| 3 routes of administration: | Enternal, parental, and topical |
| Enternal administration: | Safest and slowest route, uses the GI tract (oral, sublingual, rectal) |
| Parental administration: | Bypasses GI tract, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal |
| Topical administration: | Drug is applied to a body surface, slowly absorbed by capillaries under the skin (includes eye and ear topicals) |
| Passive transfer: | lipid soluble drug moves across lipoprotein membrane by simple diffusion, moves against a concentration gradient |
| Specialized transport: | more complex process |
| Active transport: | substance is transported against concentration gradient, transport carriers needed to furnish energy |
| Facilitated diffusion: | does not move against concentration gradient |
| pKa: | acid dissociation constant of drugs |
| pKa similar to PH of a tissue: | more lipophilic |
| pKa different than PH of a tissue: | more hydrophilic |
| What forms do drugs appear in the blood | 1) bound to plasma proteins 2) the free |
| Passive tubular secretion: | favors the reabsorption to unionized, lipid-soluble compounds |
| Active tubular secretion: | drug in bloodstream transported across the renal tubular epithelium cells into the renal tubular fluid |
| Glomerular filtration: | Unchanged drug filtered through the glomeruli concentrated in the renal tubular fluid (most drugs managed by this mechanism |
| Mechanisms of elimination/excretion: | Glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and passive tubular secretion |
| Factors affecting distribution: | Size of organ, blood flow to organ, solubility of the drug, presence of certain barriers, and plasma protein-binding capacity |
| Factors that alter drug effects: | patient adherence, tolerance, psychological factors, pathologic state, sex, age , weight, environment, drug interactions, genetic variation, time and rout of administration |
| Role of protein in passage across body membranes: | help move molecule across the membrane |
| Role of lipids in passage across body membranes: | make membrane relatively impermeable to ions and polar molecules |
| Role of carbohydrates in passage across body membranes: | combined with either proteins or lipids |
Created by:
Emmabied
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