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Chapter 9 - ANT2410
Marriage, Family, and Domestic Groups
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| process by which senior family members exercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children’s spouses | arranged marriage |
| system under which a married couple is expected to live with husband’s mother’s brother | avunculocal residence |
| system under which a married couple has the choice of living with husband’s/wife’s family | bilocal residence |
| kinship networks occasioned by divorce & remarriage in US which include previously divorced spouses and their new marriage partners | blended family |
| cultural rule that a man must work for his bride’s family for a variable length of time either before/after marriage; occurs mainly in foraging societies | bride service |
| goods presented by the groom’s kin to bride’s kin to legitimize a marriage; most common form of marriage exchange | bridewealth |
| bridewealth formerly called | “bride price” |
| aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse | composite (compound) family |
| relationship between a husband and wife formed by marriage | conjugal tie |
| related by blood | consanguineal |
| children of a parent’s siblings of opposite sex; statues extend beyond 1st cousins, incl. mothers mother's brother's daughter's daughter | cross cousins |
| persons living in the same house, usually, but not always members of a family | domestic group (household) |
| presentation of goods by bride’s kin to the family of the groom or to couple | dowry |
| rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular group | endogamy |
| group within which one is not permitted to marry | exogamous group |
| rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group | exogamy |
| family based on blood relations extending over 3+ generations; consists of 2+ lineally related kinfolk of same sex & their spouses/offspring, occupying single household or homestead & under authority of a household head | extended family |
| custom whereby a woman marries a man and his brothers | fraternal polyandry |
| prohibitions on sexual relations between relatives | incest taboos |
| custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother | levirate |
| customs, rules, & obligations that establish a socially endorsed relationship between adults & children, & between kin groups of married partners | marriage |
| lineage formed by descent in the female line | matrilineal |
| system under which a husband lives with his wife’s family after marriage | matrilocal residence |
| rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time | monogamy |
| system under which a couple establishes an independent household after marriage | neolocal residence |
| family organized around conjugal tie (relationship between husband & wife) & consisting of a husband, a wife, & their children | nuclear family |
| children of a parent’s same-sex siblings (mother’s sisters, father’s brothers) | parallel cousins |
| society that reckons descent through the male line | patrilineal |
| system under which a bride lives with her husband’s family after marriage | patrilocal residence |
| rule permitting a woman to have more than one husband at a time | polyandry |
| rule allowing more than one spouse | polygamy |
| rule permitting a man to have more than one wife at a time | polygyny |
| form of polygyny in which a man marries sisters; mechanism to minimize conflicts between co-wives | sororal polygyny |
| custom whereby, when a man’s wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife | sororate |
| nuclear family with a dependent adult added on | stem family |
| variety of reproductive technologies in which a woman helps a couple to have a child by acting as a biological surrogate, carrying an embryo to term | surrogate motherhood |
| unlike in most cultures, a major function of nuclear family in US is to provide main source of __ __ | emotional satisfaction |
| if you live in a society that practices exogamy, you must marry someone of a(n) __ social group | different |
| parallel cousin marriage is found mainly among Muslim Arabs of __ __ | North Africa |
| main function of bridewealth is to __ the marriage | legitimize |
| an important change in the US family over the past 50 years is more women are | working outside the home |
| marriage is way most societies arrange for products & services of men & women to be __ & for the care of __ | exchanged; children |
| in studying marriage, family & household, anthropologists pay attention to __ & __ | rules; realities |
| __ rules & __ of family structure are related to cultural values | residence; ideals |
| need to regulate __ __ is among foremost requirements of human animal | sexual access |
| if not regulated & channeled into table relationship that are given social approval, __ __ could be source of serious conflict | sexual competition |
| differences in strength & mobility, as well as woman's __ __ led to a general gendered division of labor in nonindustrial societies | biological role |
| vast array of __ __ fulfill monogamous heterosexual marriage in satisfactory ways | family types |
| woman's children, whether/not marries become full legitimate members of her matriclan | Navajo |
| woman-woman marriage found; barren women may divorce husband & take another woman for her wife & arrange for surrogate to impregnate this woman | Nuer & some African groups |
| children born from Nuer woman-woman marriages become members of the __ woman's natal patrilineage and refer to her as their __ | barren; father |
| royal power was importantly sustained by multiple wives; when shortage of marriageable women bridewealth paid for young man; 2 men socially recognized as married & have sexual relations | Azanda |
| normative idea of family is generally the nuclear family; accounts for only minority of families | United States |
| in many societies ties between husband & wife are __ __ | very loose |
| high divorce rate, increased # of same-sex commitments/domestic partnerships, surrogacy, large # of individuals living in long-term relationships w/out marriage, married but remain childless all challenge dominance of | nuclear family & primary cultural model |
| most basic tie from __ __ appears to be that of mother & child | cross-cultural perspective |
| generally played by mother's husband, but may be mother's brother, mother's female husband or even whole community | provisioning & protective role |
| all societies have a(n) __ taboo | incest |
| American's theoretically choose their own mates based on __ __ & complex of feelings called __ __ | personality qualities; romantic love |
| in most societies marriage is more a link that binds two __ or __ groups together | families; kinship |
| key purpose of __ marriages is to forge or continue __ between two families or kinship groups | arranged; alliances |
| woman expected to live in a joint family; demeanor of submissiveness & modesty essential | India |
| marriage broker; has more info about wider network of families than any one family can have | go-betweens |
| arranged marriage system seems to become __ __ as societies urbanize & industrialize | less rigid |
| in societies w/arranged marriages families & larger kin groups have great deal of __ over marriage & choice of spouse | control |
| important __ __ guide arranging of marriages w/varying degree for individual variations | cultural rules |
| kinship rules, ideals of family structure, transfer of property at marriage, & core cultural values are __ & __ patterns are closely related to choosing a mate | social; cultural |
| because sexual access is one of most important rights conferred by marriage, incest taboos effectively __ __ among certain kin | prohibit marriage |
| practices brother-sister marriage | Egyptians, Hawaiians, & Inca of Peru |
| probably serves to keep family wealth & power intact & limit rivalries for succession to kingship | brother-sister marriages |
| proposed in late 19th century; holds that mating between close kin produces deficient, weak children & generally harmful to species | inbreeding avoidance theory |
| incest taboo is __ because it limits inbreeding | adaptive |
| disadvantaged from __ more likely to appear as result of primary relatives mating | inbreeding |
| mother-son, father-daughter, sister-brother are considered | primary relatives |
| not clear whether inbreeding effect would in observable in __ societies | premodern |
| believed desire for sexual relations within family is very strong; suggested most important function of incest taboo is preventing disruption within nuclear family | Malinowski & Freud |
| argued that as children grow into adolescence, natural to attempt satisfying developing sexual urges within group of people emotionally close to then | Malinowski |
| if inbreeding were allowed, __ __ within family would be disrupted as members compete for sexual partners | role relationships |
| according the Malinowski & Freud's theory, incest taboo arose to __ attempt to satisfy sexual desires within family & to direct such desires __ | repress; outward |
| regulation of sexual competition between family members is a(n) | alternative to incest taboo |
| Malinowski's theory suggest why incest taboo exists between parents & children, but not __ __ _ between siblings or why should be __ to nuclear family | prohibition of sex; extended |
| stresses adaptive value of cooperation among groups larger than nuclear family; incest taboo forces people to marry outside family, thus joining families together in larger sexual community | alliance theory |
| alliance theory really concerns __ rather than __ __ | marriage; sexual relations |
| in other animal species, incest prevented by __ __ members from family group as they reach sexual maturity | expelling junior |
| seems to be most efficient/effective means of promoting genetic variability, familial harmony, & community cooperation | familial incest taboo |
| provided the alliance theory | Levi-Strauss |
| marriage rules that work together to define acceptable range of marriage partners | exogamy & endogamy |
| prohibitions on incest produce an almost __ __ of exogamy within the primary family group of parents & children, & between siblings | universal rule |
| exogamous rules also apply to groups __ than the nuclear family | larger |
| most often __ __ based on blood relationship are exogamous | descent groups |
| incl. reduction of conflicts over sex within cooperating group & alliances between groups larger than primary family | advantages of exogamy |
| reduction of conflicts over sex within cooperating group & alliances between groups larger than primary family are of great __ __ for humans | adaptive significance |
| intergroup __ & __ are among most important kinds of relationships established by marriage | rights; obligations |
| exchanged women in order to live in peace w/one another & extend social ties of cooperation | early hunting & gathering bands |
| system of exchange & alliance between groups that exchange wives is an outstanding feature of | contemporary foragers |
| horticultural people of Papua New Guinea; keeping one's own women for oneself is no advantageous | Arapesh |
| among Arapesh __ does not make sense | incest |
| studied Arapesh | Margaret Mead |
| rules of exogamy may apply to the village | peasant societies |
| man must take wife from outside of his village; through exogamy village becomes center in kinship network that spreads over hundreds of villages | northern India |
| because wives will come from many different villages, typical Indian village has a __ __ | cosmopolitan character |
| exogamy affects quality of Indian __ __ | family life |
| in India the __ is an endogamous group | caste |
| in India a person must marry someone __ the caste or __ specific section of caste to which he/she belongs | within; within |
| in US __ group & __ classes tend to be endogamous | racial; social |
| in past __ __ was enforced by laws in many US states | racial endogamy |
| opportunity, cultural norms, & similarity of lifestyle all contribute to maintain endogamy in US __ __ | social classes |
| religious group in US, in which endogamy is important rule | Amish |
| important basis for choosing marriage partners | classifications of kin |
| some societies have rules about __ __ of relatives from which marriage partners are drawn | preferred categories |
| of "cousins", children of siblings at parental generation, who are in fact biologically related but who may not culturally be defined as such | preferred marriage partners |
| common form of preferential marriage rules | cross-cousin marriage |
| __ cousins are rarely preferred marriage partners; marriage to them often forbidden | parallel |
| differentiation between cross/parallel cousins shows how kinship is not literally __ __ __ but rather __ __ | based on blood; culturally constructed |
| related to organization of kinship units larger than nuclear family; descent groups unilineal; not members of one's own kinship group | preferential cross-cousin marriage |
| __ kinship groups are usually exogamous | unilineal |
| person prohibited from marrying parallel cousin, but allowed/required to marry cross cousin | unilineal kinship groups |
| __ __ marriage, in unilineal groups, reinforces ties between kin groups established in preceding generation | preferred cross-cousin |
| __ __ of preferential cross-cousin marriage, establishes alliances between groups & intensifies relationships among limited number of kin group generation after generation | adaptive value |
| few societies that __ parallel-cousin marriage | prefer |
| parallel-cousin marriage preference is for son/daughter of father's brother; rule of patrilineal descent, inheritance in male line | Muslim Arabs of N Africa |
| parallel cousin marriage among Muslim Arabs helps prevent __ of family property because economic resources can be kept with family | fragmentation |
| result of parallel cousin marriage is the reinforce | solidarity of brothers |
| parallel cousin marriages isolate groups of brothers adding to __ __ & disunity within larger __ __ | factional disputes; social systems |
| each system of marriage & family has elements that contribute to __ & __ at one level, & may be __ at another level | solidarity; stability; disruptive |
| children born into levirate are considered children of __ __ | deceased man |
| man can marry a woman "to the name of" brother who has died childless; children belong to deceased descent group, can remain with mother; form of levirate among Nuer, called | ghost marriage |
| where sororate exists, husband of barren woman marries her sister & at least some of children are considered those of | first wife |
| attest to important of marriage as alliance between 2 groups rather than between individuals; marriage contract can be fulfilled even in event of death; family of wife can be assured of care even at event of husband's death | levirate & sororate |
| if man supposed to marry father's sister's daughter, daughters of all women classified as his __ __ are eligible marriage partners | father's sister |
| levirate & sororate are __, refer to what people say should happen not to necessarily does happen in their society | ideals |
| monogamy is rule in __ cultures, but not most of world's societies | Euro-American |
| given high divorce rate & subsequent remarriage in US term serial monogamy is | more accurate |
| man or woman has one marriage partner at a time but because of ease of divorce does not necessarily remain with that partner for life | serial monogamy |
| polygamy includes | polygyny & polyandry |
| 75% of the world's societies permit & prefer __ marriages | plural |
| where women are economically important, polygyny can __ man's wealth & social position | increase |
| chiefs, headsman, or leaders of states may have wives from many different clans/villages, extending a __ __ | man's alliances |
| polygyny is found most typically in __ societies that have high level of productivity | horticultural |
| advantage for women in polygynous societies is that additional women in household increase labor supply & __ __ | productive yield |
| in polygynous societies status of females is not __ __ | uniformly low |
| may mean women are restricted by patriarchal authority | polygyny combined with partilineality |
| may occur in polygynous households, but relations w/co-wives may also be friendly & helpful | jealousy |
| polygynous societies a husband who wants to avoid conflict will attempt to distribute his economic resources & sexual attentions __ among wives | evenly |
| foraging society in Australia; polygynous society; father betroths infant daughter to friend/potential ally that he thinks will bring him most economic & social advantage, or man who has bestowed daughter to him | Tiwi |
| Tiwi father chooses man much younger than himself who shows signs of being good hunter/fighter & who seems likely to rise in influence | old-age insurance |
| large, multiple-wife Tiwi household is an adaptation to their __ __ | ecological conditions |
| younger Tiwi wives serves as __ & __ for older wives | apprentices; reinforcements |
| relationship between Tiwi mother & sons-in-law is | important |
| until their first pregnancy Tiwi wives have __ & __ freedom | sexual; social |
| young Tiwi wives traditionally engage in several __ __ unions with lovers of their own age | extramarital sexual |
| has power in domestic group & considerable influence over her sons | senior Tiwi wife |
| have prestige, power, & independence based on solidarity with other women & economic complimentary with men | Tiwi women |
| polyandry may be an adaptation to __ of females | shortage |
| found in parts of Tibet & Nepal, & among Toda & Pahari Hindus of India | polyandrous societies |
| shortage of women created by female infanticide | Toda & Tibetans |
| where men must be away from home for long periods of time, polyandry provides a woman with more that one husband to | take care of her |
| in polyandrous societies, if brothers marry same woman __ can be kept within family instead of fragmented over generations | land |
| classic case of fraternal polyandry; women married one man & at same time become wife of his brothers | Toda of southern India |
| ceremony held in 7th month of pregnancy assigned child legal/social father; man presents ceremonial bow & arrow made from twigs & grass to wife in front of relatives; eldest brother first, after 2/3 children another brother gives bow | giving to bow |
| practice of female infanticide has ceased leveling out male-to-female ratio along w/influence of Christian missionaries Toda today are | largely monogamous |
| is that it is a publicly acceptable relationship involving transfer of certain rights & obligations | essence of marriage |
| items customarily given as a way of winning goodwill of those w/power to transfer marital rights | gifts |
| essential part of the transfer of marital rights; may still be called gifts | exchange of goods & services |
| if the exchange of "gifts" are not completed, the rights in a marriage can be | forfeited |
| exchanges made in connection with marriage are | bride service, bridewealth, & dowry |
| man may work for his wife's family for as long as 15 years/until birth of 3rd child | Ju/'hoansi |
| inaccurate term conveying misleading perception that marriage was merely economic exchange; now called bridewealth | bride price |
| legitimizing new reproductive & socioeconomic unit created by marriage | major function of bridewealth |
| in societies where bridewealth is customary, person can claim compensation for violation of __ __ only if bridewealth has been paid | conjugal rights |
| bridewealth paid at marriage is returned (subject to specific conditions) if a marriage is | terminated |
| bridewealth confers rights on | the wife |
| by establishing marriage as legal bridewealth allows wives to __ __ __ for violations of conjugal rights | hold husbands accountable |
| recognized & supported by public sanctions | legal marriage |
| bridewealth serves to __ marriage by giving both families a __ __ in keeping couple together | stabilize; vested interest |
| particularly characteristic of Africa | bridewealth transactions |
| cattle dominates these societies culturally & economically, & traditionally makes up greater part of bridewealth | Gusii, Turkana, & Kipsigis |
| embedded in economic strategies of household, related to ways in which men & women engage in labor, distribute property, & maintain/enhance status | bridewealth payments |
| amount of bridewealth paid __ as people adapt to changing economic, demographic, & social conditions | varies |
| pastoral/horticultural society in E Africa; make single bridewealth payment, traditionally consisting of livestock but now incl some cash at time of marriage | Kipsigis |
| Kipsigis distribute bridewealth with __ __ of bride & groom | immediate families |
| Kipsigis 1st marriages are paid for by __ __ & subsequent marriages by __ __, although if they work for wages they may help pay for 1st marriage | groom's father; groom himself |
| primarily responsible for negotiation & final acceptance of bridewealth offer in Kipsigis society | bride's parents |
| increased __ & participation in __ __ have affected Kipsigis bridewealth payments | urbanization; global economy |
| Kipsigis parents of girls educated __ __ __ often demand high bridewealth | beyond elementary school |
| argued that bridewealth payments enhance rather than diminish status of women by enabling both husband/wife to acquire reciprocal right in each other | John Ogbu |
| woman's status in Africa has __ with increasing modernization, urbanization, & participation in wage labor economies, but not due to bridewealth | declined |
| dowry can represent woman's share of her __ __ or payment transferred from bride's family to groom's family | family inheritance |
| 1961 became illegal to demand dowry as precondition for marriage; marriage gifts given without precondition remain illegal | Indian culture |
| symbol of affection for beloved daughter leaving home & compensating her for fact traditionally she could not inherit land/property | dowry as voluntary gift |
| personal & household goods constitute __ __ of Indian dowries today | main portion |
| control of Indian dowry is in hand of | mother-in-law or husband |
| recognition of generosity in taking economic burden by groom's family | dowry transfer of resources |
| greater independence for young, unmarried women in India is leading to more __ __ disrupting the kin support networks that traditionally accompanied arranged marriage | love marriages |
| public nature of marriage demonstrated in __ & __ that surround it in almost every society | ritual; ceremony |
| basic types of families identified by anthropologists are | elementary/nuclear, composite, & extended family |
| aggregates of nuclear families linked by common spouse, most often husband | composite/compound families |
| may also be part of a household | non-kin |
| composition of a household is affected by cultural rules about __ a newly married couple will __ | where; live |
| nuclear family is most often __ with neolocal residence | associated |
| only 5% of world's societies are | neolocal |
| nuclear family adapted in many ways by requirements of __ society | industrial |
| more than 3/4 of all __ groups live in nuclear families | foraging |
| in US the monogamous, independent, neolocal nuclear family is | ideal for most people |
| related to high degree of mobility required in industrial system & a culture that places emphasis on romantic love, privacy, & personal independence | neolocal nuclear family |
| ideally regarded as egalitarian; roles less rigidly defined | American nuclear family |
| almost 1/2 of children of divorced parents in US have not seen their __ __ for more than 1 yr & 10 yrs later more than 2/3 have lost contact with him | biological father |
| surrogacy is both in opposition to & also consistent w/American cultural assumptions & ideals about importance of family, motherhood, fatherhood, & kinship | Helena Ragone |
| participants in surrogacy programs universally used reinterpreted traditional __ __ __ & definitions of motherhood to recreate conventional cultural norms | American kinship ideology |
| Ragone found that since women who employ surrogates are not biologically related to their children they tend to redefine motherhood consisting of | biological motherhood & social motherhood |
| couples involved in surrogacy emphasized the biological relationship to father, demonstrating continued importance of blood tie at core of traditional | Euro-American kinship ideology |
| suggest that current problems of American families may be addressed by accepting polygyny as alternative form of marriage | Phillip Kilbride |
| __ families now account for 22% of all households w/children, in the US | single-parent |
| make up more than 1/3 of households headed by a single woman | unmarried mothers |
| make up almost 6% of all households w/children, & approx. 20% of all single-parent households | single-father families |
| in US, female-headed households & teen pregnancy are correlated with | poverty |
| composite families are mainly __, structured by rules that require women to live in husband's home after marriage | patrilocal |
| polygynous household consisting of one man with several wives & their respective children constitutes a __ family | composite |
| extended family not just collection of __ families | nuclear |
| blood ties between generations | lineal |
| lineal ties are more important than ties of marriage in __ families | extended |
| in __ __, extended family is found most often among landlord & prosperous merchant classes & nuclear/stem family among peasants | stratified societies |
| extended families can be __ or __ | patrilineal; matrilineal |
| organized around a man, his sons, & son's wives & children; often having patrilocal residence rules | patrilineal extended family |
| organized around a women & he daughters' husband & children; may have matrilocal/avunculocal residence rules | matrilineal extended family |
| patrilineal, patrilocal extended family was ideal; lineal descents were backbone of family organization; family continued through time as permanent social entity; as old member lost through death, new added through birth | premodern China |
| marriage in premodern China were viewed more as acquiring a __ than as taking a __ | daughter-in-law; wife |
| marriages in premodern China were __ by the parents & new couple lived with __ family | arranged; husband's |
| in premodern China, __ relationship of the son to his father & loyalty/solidarity of __ were given more importance than ties between husband & wife | obedient; brothers |
| public demonstration of affection between married couple was severely criticized; feared man's feelings for wife would interfere w/his carrying out responsibilities to his own blood kin | India & China |
| generally matrilocal, most important ties are between women & her mother & her siblings | matrilineal extended family |
| patrilineal society child's father is responsible for providing for/protecting | mother-child unit |
| Pueblo group in American SW, matrilineal society; both male/female members of lineage consider mother's house their home; men return to home for ritual/ceremonial occasions; matrilineal clans extend over many different villages | Hopi |
| revolves around central & continuing core of women; mother-daughter relationship is close; mother responsible for economic & ritual training of daughters | Hopi household |
| strongest & most permanent tie in Hopi society is between | sisters |
| relation of Hopi sisters to one another & to their mother | foundation of household group |
| Hopi boys fear their __ __ as sources of power & authority | maternal uncle |
| must not marry within own clan or that of father's/mother's | Hopi man |
| extended family system prevails in all __ societies, where its main adaptive advantages are economic | cultivating |
| principles of mutual obligation of extended kin, joint ownership of property, & authority structures have proved useful among upper classes of __ __ in successful management of modern corporations | urban India |
| does not have word for marriage, illegitimate child, infidelity, or promiscuity; both men & women have multiple partners, serially/simultaneously | Na society |
| culturally normative & most frequent Na institution that joins men/women in sexual & reproductive partnerships | sese |
| effort to conceal relationship is abandoned; usually occurs after long-term relationship in Na society | conspicuous visit |
| occurs when Na household is short of women by means of which to produce children or short of men to labor in fields | cohabitation |
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lfrancois
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