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Pharmacodynamics
| Question | Answer | Answer | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline | Alpha 1 stimulation causes smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction of blood vessels and stimulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. | Beta 1 stimulation causes an increase in inotropy (cardiac contractility), an increase in chronotropy (heart rate) and an increase in dromotropy (speed of electrical conduction within the heart). | Beta 2 stimulation causes smooth muscle relaxation, skeletal muscle vasodilation, bronchodilation, and stabilisation of mast cell membranes,reducing histamine release |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam antibiotic with broad activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It also has some activity against anaerobic bacteria, particularly those from the mouth. | Amoxicillin is the active ingredient and is part of the penicillin class of antibiotics. Amoxicillin inhibits production of the bacterial cell wall, causing bacteria to die. | Many bacteria are resistant to amoxicillin due to their ability to produce beta-lactamase (an enzyme) which destroys the active part of beta-lactam antibiotics. Clavulanic acid inhibits the beta-lactamase enzyme and has no direct antibacterial actio |
| Asprin | Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has antiplatelet, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In the out-of-hospital setting aspirin is only administered for its antiplatelet activity. | Aspirin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase which results in a reduction in the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxane. | |
| Ceftriaxone | Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin antibiotic with broad activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It inhibits production of the bacterial cell wall, causing bacteria to die. | ||
| Droperidol | Droperidol blocks dopamine and alpha receptors centrally, resulting in sedation, reduced agitation and a state of mental detachment. | ||
| Fentanyl | Fentanyl is an opiate analgesic. It is an opiate agonist (or stimulator) that binds to opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord causing analgesia. | ||
| Glucagon | Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by stimulating glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen into glucose), predominantly within the liver. | ||
| Glucose gel | Glucose gel provides a source of glucose that can be easily swallowed and is rapidly absorbed. | ||
| GTN is a vasodilator. It acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause venous and arterial vasodilation, with the predominant effect being on veins. | A reduction in venous return (preload) to the heart. This reduces ventricular filling and cardiac output which reduces myocardial oxygen demand. | Arterial dilation which reduces peripheral resistance (afterload). This reduces the force the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood into the arteries which reduces myocardial oxygen demand. Dilation of the coronary arteries which may increase co | |
| Ibuprofen | Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is predominantly used for treating pain. | Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase, reducing prostaglandin production and causing a reduction in inflammation, pain and fever | |
| Ipratropium | Ipratropium is a bronchodilator. | Ipratropium is an anticholinergic agent with predominantly antimuscarinic activity. It antagonises (blocks) acetylcholine receptors, causing vagal inhibition resulting in bronchodilation. | |
| Ketamine | Ketamine is an analgesic. It has complex actions, but is predominantly an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (blocker), resulting in inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. | Low doses cause analgesia, larger doses cause amnesia and dissociation, and high doses cause anaesthesia. | |
| %1 Lignocaine | Lignocaine is a local anaesthetic. | Lignocaine blocks the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses by blocking the movement of sodium ions across the nerve cell membrane. | |
| Loratadine | Loratadine is a non-sedating antihistamine. | Loratadine antagonises (blocks) peripheral histamine receptors, blocking the action of histamine and reducing itching and redness. | |
| Methoxyflurane | Methoxyflurane is an inhalational analgesic. | The mechanism of action is not clear. | |
| Midazolam | Midazolam is a benzodiazepine. | Midazolam enhances the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA receptors within the central nervous system, resulting in anticonvulsant activity, sedation, amnesia, anxiolysis and muscle relaxation. | |
| Naloxone | Naloxone is an opiate receptor antagonist (blocker). By blocking opiate receptors naloxone reverses the effects of opiates, particularly respiratory depression and sedation. | ||
| Ondansetron | Ondansetron is an antiemetic. | Ondansetron antagonises (blocks) serotonin receptors centrally in the brain and peripherally in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a reduction in nausea and vomiting. | |
| Oxytocin | Oxytocin is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring hormone oxytocin which is normally released from the pituitary gland. | Oxytocin stimulates oxytocin receptors on the uterus, causing increased uterine contraction and reducing blood loss from the uterus. | |
| Paracetamol | Paracetamol inhibits the production of prostaglandins resulting in a reduction in pain and fever. | ||
| Prednisone & Prednisolone | Prednisone is a prodrug that is metabolised to prednisolone in the liver. | Prednisolone is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions. It inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, resulting in a reduction in the inflammatory and immune response. | |
| Salbutamol | Salbutamol is a bronchodilator. It is an agonist (stimulator) of beta-2 receptors. | ||
| Tramadol | Tramadol is an analgesic. It has multiple actions within the central nervous system, including opiate receptor stimulation and inhibition of the re-uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin. | ||
| Tranexamic acid (TXA) | Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic medicine. It blocks the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, reducing fibrinolysis (breakdown of blood clots) and bleeding. |
Created by:
EmCager
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