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Chapter 8 - ANT2410
Kinship
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| relatives by marriage; in-laws | affinal |
| form of bilateral descent; individual may choose to affiliate w/either father’s/mother’s descent group | ambilineal descent |
| principle of classifying kin under which different kinship terms are used for mother’s side of family & father’s side of family | bifurcation |
| system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated w/&mothers’ & fathers’ descent group | bilateral descent |
| unilineal kinship group whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but who cannot trace this link through known relatives | clan |
| any nonunilineal system of descent | cognatic descent |
| kin descended from common ancestor; not in direct ascendant/descendant line, such as siblings & cousins | collateral kin |
| political structure in which higher-order units form alliances that emerge only when lower-order units come into conflict | complementary opposition |
| relatives by blood; people related to Ego by blood are distinguished from similar relations by marriage | consanguineal relatives |
| blood ties between people | consanguinity |
| permanent kinship groups that have an existence beyond the membership at any given time | corporate descent groups |
| children of a parent’s siblings of opposite sex (mother’s brothers, father’s sisters) | cross cousins |
| culturally established affiliation between a child and one or both parents | descent |
| group of kin who are descendants of a common ancestor, extending beyond two generations | descent group |
| tracing of descent through both matrilineal & patrilineal links, each of which is used for different purposes | double descent |
| rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group | exogamy |
| biological father | genitor |
| transfer of property between generations | inheritance |
| unique kin network made up of all people related to a specific individual in bilateral kinship system | kindred |
| culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage | kinship |
| totality of kin relations, kin groups, & terms for classifying kin in a society; embedded in economic systems | kinship system |
| words used to identify different categories of kin in a particular culture | kinship terminology |
| group of kin whose members trace descent from a known common ancestor | lineage |
| blood relations linked through descent, such as Ego, Ego’s mother, Ego’s grandmother, and Ego’s daughter | lineal kin |
| lineage formed by descent in the female line | matrilineage |
| rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through females only | matrilineal descent |
| granting of privilege or favoritism on the basis of family relationships | nepotism |
| any system of descent in which both father’s & mother’s lineages have equal claim to individual | nonunilineal descent |
| children of a parent’s same-sex siblings (mother’s sisters, father’s brothers) | parallel cousins |
| socially designated father of a child, who may or may not be the biological father | pater |
| lineage formed by descent in the male line | patrilineage |
| rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through males only | patrilineal descent |
| unilineal descent group composed of number of clans whose members feel themselves to be closely related | phratry |
| form of sociopolitical organization in which multiple descent groups (usually patrilineages) form at different levels & function in different contexts | segmentary lineage system |
| transfer of office or social position between generations | succession |
| animal, plant/other aspect of natural world held to be ancestral/to have other intimate relationships w/members of a group | totem |
| immigrants who maintain close relations with their home countries | transmigrant |
| pattern of close ties and frequent visits by immigrants to their home countries | transnationalism |
| descent group membership based on links through either maternal/paternal line, but not both | unilineal descent |
| most Americans understand ourselves & each other as __ first & __ __ second | individuals; family members |
| relationships between individuals are governed mainly by | kinship norms |
| is main way of allying groups to one another & incorporating strangers into a group | extension of kinship ties |
| kinship is central in determining people's __ & __ | rights; responsibilities |
| work, citizenship, & common economic & political interests are other principles of __ __ in Western society | social organization |
| kin group & social institution in Western societies; inheritance of property is mainly along kinship lines | nuclear family |
| in every society formation of __ & regulation of __ depend to some extent on socially recognized ties of kinship | groups; behavior |
| kinship systems link people in a web of rights & __ | obligations |
| kinship systems rest on __ defined __ relationships | culturally; biological |
| ways in which society classifies kin are | cultural |
| ways in which society classifies kin may/may not reflect __ __ assessment of biological ties | scientifically accurate |
| biological paternity is irrelevant; fatherhood established by performance of ritual; social fatherhood is what counts | Toda of India |
| culturally defined __ __ __ have 2 basic functions | ties of kinship |
| kinship provides __ between generations | continuity |
| kinship unit is fundamentally responsible for __ & __ of children | care; education |
| kinship unit is fundamentally responsible orderly __ __ __ & social position between generations | transmission of property |
| kinship defines a __ __ __ on whom a person can depend on for aid | universe of others |
| fact the expanded kin groups are found in so many human societies shows the __ of social groups larger than the __ __ | adaptiveness; nuclear family |
| descent is an important basis of __ __ __ | social groups formation |
| descent group applies to __ __ who are lineal descendants of a __ __ extending beyond 2 generations | consanguineal kin; common ancestor |
| where descent groups are found they have important functions in organization of | domestic life |
| where descent groups are found they have important functions in __ of children | enculturation |
| where descent groups are found they have important functions in use & transfer of __, __ & __ offices | property; political; ritual |
| where descent groups are found they have important functions in __ of disputes | settlement |
| where descent groups are found they have important functions in __ organization & __ | political; warfare |
| 2 basic types of descent rules that operate in society are | unilineal & bilateral descent |
| 2 types of unilineal descent rules are | patrilineal & matrilineal descent |
| bilateral descent is used for basis of reckoning descent & establishing __ & __ of kinship | rights; obligations |
| major distinction of systems of bilateral & unilineal descent is that __ __ __ do not overlap | unilineal kinship systems |
| father's brother's children would be your cousins & therefore members of your kin in | American bilateral kinship system |
| father's brother's children would be kin to you but not to their mother's family | patrilineal kinship system |
| if all families had same number of children more people would be in a __ system than in a __ system | bilateral; unilateral |
| people in a __ system are bound more tightly to each other because there is no __ of kinship | unilateral; overlap |
| most societies throughout the world have a __ kinship | unilineal |
| bilateral kinship is a common practice in __ cultures | Western |
| because unilineal descent groups do not overlap this system provides __ group membership for everyone in the society | unambiguous |
| where descent is traced through only one line, group membership is __ & __ defined | easily; clearly |
| people can be sure of their right of ownership, social duties, & social roles as well as relate to large numbers of known/unknown people in society by knowing __ __ of others & to which they below | descent group |
| descent groups can perpetuate themselves over time even though their membership changes because | unilineal group membership is unambiguous |
| old members die & new one admitted through birth, but integrity of __ group persists | corporate |
| unilineal descent share certain __ __ throughout the world, but do not operate __ the same in every society | basic similarities; exactly |
| are basically means by which society relates to its environment & circumstances | system of descent & kinship |
| actual behavior in any society does not correspond exactly to rules as they are defined in | kinship ideology |
| as environment & circumstances change rules of kinship are bent & manipulated so that a group | may be successful |
| accepted departures from norms existing in every society give unilineal systems a __ they would otherwise lack, which is necessary for human __ | flexibility; adaptation |
| common economic & historical interests cause people to join together & define themselves as a __ __ justified by kin relations | collective entity |
| kinship ideologies can be manipulated & negotiated to | fit new realities |
| lineages may vary in __ __ from three generation upward | time depth |
| lineages are considered corporate group where land is owned __ & where members are held __ for one another's __ | collectively; responsible; behavior |
| __ lineages may for clans | related |
| common __ __ may be mythological figures, or where no specific ancestor is known/named | clan ancestor |
| lineage is often __ __ or __ __ whose members cooperate on a daily basis | local residential; domestic group |
| clans are generally not __ units but tend to __ __ over many villages | residential; spread out |
| clans often have __ & __ functions rather than primarily __ & __ ones | political; religious; domestic; economic |
| one of most important functions of clan is to | regulate marriage |
| clans are __ by a rule of exogamy | governed |
| __ __ __ within the clan strengthens it unilineal character | prohibition against marriage |
| if person marries __ __ __, his/her children would find difficult to make sharp distinctions between maternal & paternal relatives | within the clan |
| wrote of Crow Indians of N America; clans are very important & case of marriage within clan person would not know how to act towards others & they to act towards him/her | Robert H Lowie |
| also extends network of peaceful & social relations within society as different clans are allied through marriage | clan exogamy |
| man, his sisters & brothers, his brother's children (not his sister's), his own children, & his son's children all belong to same group; inheritance & succession to office moves from father to son | patrilineal descent groups |
| pastoral people of Sudan E Africa; patrilineal society; all rights, privileges, obligations, & interpersonal relationships regulated by kinship; father, his brothers, & their children are closet kin | Nuer |
| most significant fact of life for Nuer; confers rights to land, requires participation in certain religious ceremonies, & determines political & judicial obligations, as making alliances in feuds/warfare | membership in patrilineal descent group |
| in absence of a centralized system of political control, in Nuer societies, kinship based __ are important mechanism of government | alliances |
| Nuer believe kin should not __ with one another, __ within lineage/clan tend to be kept small & __ rapidly | fight; disputes; settled |
| because all who are not in some way kin are __, in Nuer society, attack on one lineage segment may cause all members of a clan to coalesce against a(n) __ __ | enemies; common enemy |
| segmentary lineage system has important __ implications for Nuer & helps __ their tribal-level society | political; integrate |
| Nuer are divided in to 20 clans, further divided by | lineages |
| below level of clan, in Nuer society, are segments called | maximal lineages |
| maximal lineages are broken down into __ __ spread over many villages | major lineages |
| major lineages are subdivided into __ lineages, which in turn are made up of __ lineages | minor; minimal |
| contains 3-5 generations & is basic descent group that functions in day-to-day activities of Nuer society; live in same village & regard one another as close relatives | minimal lineage |
| minimal lineage, of Nuer, are politically __ & there is not formal or centralized __ above this level | independent; leadership |
| are called upon to function mainly in context of conflict in Nuer society | higher-order lineages |
| Nuer clans nor lineages have any corporate life & their members do not live together; coming together of members of clans/lineages occurs when lower-order segments come into conflict | Evans-Pritchard |
| serious dispute between members of different __ lineages, ___ lineage members take side of nearest kin in Nuer society | lower-order; higher-order |
| Nuer clans & lineages function as contingent __ __ rather than formal parts of political structure | alliance networks |
| particularly functional when stronger tribes want to expand to nearby territories held by weaker tribes | segmentary lineage systems |
| complementary opposition direct energies of society __, away from __ between kin, to an __ enemy | upward; competition; outside |
| degree to women are incorporated into __ of her husband & degree of __ she has varies in different societies | patrilineage; autonomy |
| a woman may retain __ __ __ in her father's lineage, under patrilineal societies | right of inheritance |
| under patrilineal societies, great care taken to guarantee husband's rights & control over his wife/children because __ of descent group depends on this | continuity |
| patrilineal systems most often have __ rules of residence, so wife may find herself living among __, tending to undermine female __ & __ | patrilocal; strangers; solidarity; support |
| analysis of families in Arab world; issues of honor/shame; generalizations gloss over many conflicts, doubts, & arguments of life as it is really lived | Abu-Lughod ethnography |
| in Arab families, women often portrayed in terms of partilineality, polygyny, & patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage | ideal kinship patterns |
| in Arab families __ revolves around male's ability to protect sexuality of women in his family | honor |
| challenges static pictures of authoritarian patriarchy by analyzing story of Bedouin women who rebel against norms of their society in small & sometimes effective ways | Lila Abu-Lughod |
| social __ & cultural __ are closely intertwined | institutions; ideologies |
| basic to interrelationships of social institutions & cultural ideologies, including access to production, wealth & property | economic systems |
| there are no cultures in which people __ as they are supposed to, as the __ to them to | behave; rules |
| as economic systems __, people's actual behavior tends to depart more frequently from the rules | change |
| two fundamental ties recognized in every society are that between | women & their children and siblings |
| most important position is that of mother's brother; man gains sexual & economic rights over woman when he marries, but does not gain rights to children; many rights belong to woman's brother | matrilineal societies |
| consists of woman, her brothers & sisters, her sister's (but not brother's) children, her own children, & children of daughters (but not son's) | membership of matrilineal descent group |
| tend to be correlated w/matrilocal rule of residence; man goes to live with/near wife's kin after marriage; husband plays far less important role in household; marriages tend to be less stable | matrilineal systems |
| possible for matrilineally organized group to do away w/presence of husbands & father altogether, as long as there are brothers who assume responsibilities | Nayar of India |
| matrilineal figure of authority & respect; children of man's sister, rather than his own, are his heirs & successors | mother's brother |
| matrilineal society, relationship between man & his son is likely to be affectionate & loving because it is | free of problems of authority & control |
| occur in only 5% of world's cultures | double descent system |
| have system of double descent; daily domestic life strongest among patrilineal related kinsmen, jointly control farms & plots of land, patriclan is source of rights over farmland & forest products | Yako of Nigeria |
| one obligation is to provide food at funerals; arbitration of disputes lies in hands of senior members | patriclan |
| Yako membership in men's associations & rights to fruit trees are inherited through the | male line |
| Yako, cooperation in ritual & succession to some religious offices are derived from | patriclan membership |
| matrilineal __ & clan __ are important in Yako society | bonds; membership |
| rights & obligations of mother's brother/sons & authority of priest of matrilineal clan based on mystical ideas regarding perpetuation & tranquility in Yako World | practical assistance to matrilineal kin |
| fertility of crops, beasts, & humans, & peace between individuals & within community associated with & passed on through women | Yako belief |
| Yako matrilineage held together by __ __ of common fertility | mystical bonds |
| violence between matrilineal members of Yako are considered | sinful |
| Yako's mystical bonds mystical bonds of common fertility are reinforced in cult of __ __ whose priests are ritually given qualities of women | matriclan spirits |
| Yako, transfer of __ __, but no land, belong to matrilineal kinship group | accumulated wealth |
| Yako members of matriclans supervise __ & arrange for disposal of personal property of __ | funerals; dead |
| all Yako currency & livestock pass to __ __ who also receive greater share of tolls, weapons & household goods | matrilineal relatives |
| Yako movable property of women pass to | daughters |
| Yako matriclans responsible for __ of kin | debts |
| Yako matriclans responsible for __ to one another at reasonable rates | loans |
| Yako matriclans responsible for providing part of __ transferred at marriage of sister's son | bridewealth |
| each contains different qualities from which flow rights, obligations, & benefits, both practical/spiritual, that bind Yako to one another & ensure continuity of the society | paternity & maternity |
| 40% of world's societies structured around kinship systems that are | nonunilineal, or cognatic |
| nonunilineal/cognatic systems are further divided into __ & __ descent | bilateral; ambilineal |
| individual considered related equally to other kin through both mother's/father's side | bilateral descent system |
| individual formally affiliated w/large number of relations extended lineally through time but only on one side of family | unilineal kinship system |
| appear to be particularly adaptive in societies in which mobility & independence are important; basic to Western culture incl. US & predominate among foraging societies | bilateral kinship systems |
| people linked by __ __ networks are called kindred | bilateral kin |
| kindred is not a group, rather network of relations w/single group of __ at center | siblings |
| kindred are actually __ __ of kin, rather than social groups; more difficult to organize as cooperative __ __ | overlapping categories; kin-based collectives |
| because a kindred is not a group but rather a(n) __ network, it cannot own land or have continuity over time | ego-centered |
| in an ambilineal system, individuals may choose to affiliate with either their mother's/father's descent group, but | not both |
| ambilineal descent is found in many __ __ societies | Pacific Island |
| at marriage, in Pacific Island societies, new couple chooses to live & identify with | either spouse's descent group |
| choice of descent group association, in Pacific Island societies, usually depends upon | access to land |
| friendship & politics also play important role in __ __ new couple chooses to live & identify with in Pacific Island society | descent group |
| total system of kinship terms & rules for using these terms | kinship classification system |
| kinship systems vary in degree to which they have different kinship terms for | different kinship relatives |
| ways in which kin are __ are associated with roles they play in society | classified |
| kinship terms refer to __ __, actual behavior is modified by individual personality differences & special circumstances | behavioral expectations |
| one of most important regulators of behaviors in most societies, outlining each person's rights/obligations & specifying ways in which person must act towards others & they towards him/her | kinship classification |
| kinship __ __ also related to types of social groups formed, systems of marriage/inheritance, & even deeper or broader cultural values | classification systems |
| husband's elder brother in North Indian societies | jait |
| husband's elder brother's wife in North Indian societies | jaitani |
| husband's younger brother in North Indian societies | deva |
| husband's younger brother's wife in North Indian societies | devrani |
| must be treated w/deference, touching their feet when meeting them, & refraining from using first names in North Indian society | jait & jaitani |
| may be treated w/friendly informality in North Indian society | deva & devrani |
| there are 45 kinship terms in | North India |
| there are 22 kinship terms in | US |
| distinguishes several kinds of kin reflecting greater inflexibility in behavior toward kin | N Indian Kinship classification system |
| many of N Indian __ __ underlying kinship terminology based on importance of __, __ extended family | cultural patterns; patrilineal; patrilocal |
| in North Indian society family of bride has __ __ than that of the groom | lower status |
| in North Indian society obligations of __ __ towards parents, including specific ritual obligations of eldest | male child |
| cultural patterns in North Indian society based on | hierarchy & importance of group |
| values of __, __ & __ __ expressed in N American kinship terminology | equality; individualism; nuclear family |
| aspect of hierarchy, critical to Indian kinship system | principle of relative age |
| father's elder brother in North Indian society | tau |
| father's younger brother in North Indian society | chacha |
| father's elder brother's wife in North Indian society | tai |
| father's younger brother's wife in North Indian society | chachi |
| still common for many N Indian women to __ __ __ if not their faces in presence of both father-in-law & husband's elder brother | cover their hair |
| Indian differentiation of kin according to whether from mother's side or father's side of family | bifurcation |
| grandparent's on father's side in North Indian society | dadi & dada |
| grandparent's on mother's side in North Indian society | nani & nana |
| man's wife's brother in North Indian society | sala |
| man's sister's husband | jija |
| in India man's sister's husband is in __ __ relative to him than his wife's brother | higher position |
| functions in guiding behavior are resisted & manipulated in response to pragmatic interest, social circumstances & emotion | structure relationships between kin in N India |
| in N India contesting claims over family property may lead to alliances within family that contrast with cultural rules about | seniority & patriarchal power |
| illness of some Indian family members may also direct flow of resources in directions not covered, & even in opposition to, kinship rules | governing reciprocity |
| has altered realities of kinship relations among many immigrant communities | global migration |
| study of kinship systems goes to __ point of anthropology | fundamental |
| kinship systems use the __ __ __, but they are social systems, not biological ones | metaphor of biology |
| societies differ in the __ of relatives they distinguish and the __ by which kin are classified | categories; principles |
| position of individual from whose perspective the kinship system is seen | Ego |
| distinguishes ascending & descending generation from Ego | generation principle |
| kinship system that has different kinship terms for relatives that are older than oneself & relatives younger | relative age principle |
| English kinship terminology does not recognize the __ __ principle | relative age |
| collateral kin are descended from a common ancestor with Ego but are not __ ascendants or descendants | direct |
| in collateral kinship Ego may refer to both his father & father's brother as | father |
| in collateral kinship Ego may refer to both his mother & her sisters as | mother |
| kinship system that has different kin terms for people of different genders | principle of gender |
| English word uncle does not distinguish between __ & __ relationships | consanguineal; affinal |
| societies which distinguish collateral relatives the __ __ __ relative may be important in kinship terminology | sex of linking |
| individual, related to you consanguineally | linking relative |
| when sex of your parent & linking relative are the __ the children who you are linked are parallel cousins | same |
| generation, relative age, lineality vs. collaterality, gender, consanguineal vs affinal kin, side of family, & sex of linking relative | 7 different system of kinship |
| 7 different system of kinship w/names of Native American groups, 1st described in 19th century | Lewis Henry Morgan |
| found in Polynesia; uses fewest kinship terms; emphasize distinction between generations & reflects equality between mother's/father's side of family in relation to Ego | Hawaiian |
| Hawaiian, all relatives of same __ & __ are referred to by same kinship term | generation; sex |
| Hawaiian male/female kin in __ __ distinguished in terminology, but in terms for sister & brother are same for children of one's parent's siblings | Ego's generation |
| correlated w/bilateral descent; emphasizes nuclear family by using terms for members that are not used for any other kin | Eskimo |
| singles out biologically closest group of relations & treats more distant kin more/less equally | Eskimo system |
| associated w/matrilineal or double descent & emphasizes importance of unilineal descent groups | Iroquois |
| found among patrilineal people; merging of generations on mother's side but not father's side; generational differences important on father's side ascending generation may have some authority over Ego; mother's patrilineage unimportant to Ego | Omaha |
| matrilineal equivalent to Omaha; relations on male side lumped together whereas generational differences are recognized in mother's matrilineal group | Crow |
| overriding importance of unilineality leads to subordination of other principles of classifying kin, such as relative age or generation | Crow & Omaha |
| since no __ __ group used Morgan's final kinship system he named it Sudanese | North American |
| African groups primarily in Ethiopia; also some places in Turkey & ancient Rome; most descriptive terminology system; different terms for every relative; groups tend to be strongly patrilineal & concerned w/issues of wealth, class & political power | Sudanese |
| kinship classification systems are part of the __ of a kinship system | totality |
| each type of classification emphasizes most important kinship __ & __ in societies that use it | groupings; relationships |
| found in unilineal societies emphasize importance of lineage & clan | Iroquois, Omaha, & Crow |
| emphasize partilineality, primogeniture, seniority, Confucian ethics & patriarchal authority & control | rules of kinship in Asian villages |
| eldest son inherits all father's property | primogeniture |
| stresses filial piety | Confucian ethics |
| obligation of sons to their fathers | filial piety |
| studies by Soo Ho Choi; eldest son gets lion's share of family property in return for care of elderly parents & worship them as ancestors after death | Pine Tree, Korea |
| contributing to marriages, education, & living expenses of his younger siblings | compassionate generosity |
| rice-growing society in W Sumatra Indonesia; one of few matrilineal Islamic societies in S Asia | Minangkabu |
| Minangkabu women wield significant informal power in their families & matrilineages | Evelyn Blackwood |
| central site of Minangkabu social relations, containing extended family of 3-4 generations | "big house" or "matrihouse" |
| central house post identified w/senior woman who is called | "the central pillar of the big house" |
Created by:
lfrancois
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