Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 7 - ANT2410
Economics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| giving & receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of return gift within a specified time limit | balanced reciprocity |
| productive resources that are used with primary goal of increasing their owner’s financial wealth | capital |
| economic system in which people work for wages, land & capital goods are privately owned, & capital is invested for profit | capitalism |
| ritual system common in Cent./S. America in which wealthy people are required to hold a series of costly ceremonial offices | cargo system |
| norms governing production, distribution, & consumption of goods & services within a society | economic system |
| study of the ways in which & choices people make combine to determine how their society uses its scarce resources to produce & distribute goods/services | economics |
| institution composed of kin &/or non-kin that is organized primarily for financial gain | firm |
| giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected | generalized reciprocity |
| group of people united by kinship or other links who share a residence & organize production, consumption, & distribution among themselves | household |
| pattern of exchange among trading partners in the S. Pacific islands | Kula ring |
| practice, value, or form of social organization that evens out wealth within a society | leveling mechanism |
| economic system in which goods & services are bought & sold at a money price determined primarily by forces of supply/demand | market exchange |
| exchange conducted for purpose of material advantage & desire to get something for nothing | negative reciprocity |
| form of redistribution involving competitive feasting practiced among NW Coast Native Americans | potlatch |
| material goods, natural resources/info used to create other goods/info | productive resources |
| mutual give & take among people of equal status | reciprocity |
| exchange in which goods are collected then distributed to members of a group | redistribution |
| all human societies have __ __ | economic systems |
| sum of choices people make regarding these areas of their lives | economic aspect of culture |
| choices based on economic aspect of culture are __ by our cultures, traditions, & technologies | constrained |
| set boundaries within which choices about production, distribution, & consumption of goods/services are made | environments |
| every society must have a(n) __ system | economic |
| economics deals w/things & __ of things to people & people to one another in process of producing, distributing, & consuming goods | relationship |
| one aspect of relationship is that __ defines or shapes ends sought by individuals & __ of achieving those ends | culture; means |
| society & economy are __ | interdependent |
| families tend to have as many children as possible; lrg families can cultivate more land & wealthier than small families; leaders acquire political power & social prestige from wealth & numerous relations | southern Mali |
| difficult to separate the economic system from | rest of the culture |
| economics embedded in total __ process & __ pattern | social; cultural |
| few groups are organized solely for purpose of production; economic activities are (1) aspect of what they do; production carried out by families, kinship groups, or local communities | nonindustrial & kin-based societies |
| for nonindustrial & kin-based societies distribution, exchange, & consumption of goods is embedded in __ that have __ & __ purposes as well as economic ones | relationships; social; political |
| __ __ of economies developed in Western market economy | academic discipline |
| fundamental assumption of Western microeconomic theory | idea of scarcity |
| economists assume that human __ are unlimited but means for __ them are not | wants; achieving |
| assume that individuals & org. will make choices on best way to apply limited means to unlimited desires in way they believe will provide them with greatest benefit | economists |
| some scholars equate benefit with material | well-being & profit |
| notion of __ __ does not completely explain economic behavior | financial profit |
| economic choices are based on some __ of benefit, not necessarily __ to human profit | calculation; reducible |
| people make rational choices based on their __ & __ about the future | needs; guesses |
| cultures, values, & institutions provide the __ within which economic choices are made | framework |
| live in area of Tanzania w/abundance of animal/vegetable food; considerable leisure time but do not attempt to increase wealth | Hazda |
| only one of the ends towards which people expend effort | leisure time |
| Western society __ primarily ties to increased consumption & display of goods/services | prestige |
| CEO of Microsoft & head of world's largest charitable foundation | Bill Gates |
| anthropologists must analyze broad __ & __ contexts within which people make decision | institutional; social |
| anthropologists must __ & __ factors that motivate individual decision making | determine; evaluate |
| all societies must engage in __ , acquire __, & have some system through which __ to use such resources are allocated | production; resources; rights |
| people must be __ in specific ways to use resources in production of goods & services | organized |
| each society has a system of __ & a distinct style & __ of consumption | distribution; pattern |
| productive resources are the things that members of a society need to | participate in the economy |
| access the the knowledge that allows one to make & use tools | plays important role in all societies |
| access to knowledge plays critical role in modern American society seen in strong relationship between | university degrees & income |
| US Dept Educ. 2006 American's age 25-34 w/BS degree earned __ more than those w/associate's degree & __ more than those w/high school diploma | 28%; 50% |
| important point of contrast between economic systems is extent to which individuals & groups have | access to productive resources |
| __ access to resources develops as population & social complexity increase | differential |
| only 3% of student's at America's most selective universities come from households in | lowest 25% of income scale |
| only 10% of student's at America's most selective universities come from households in | lowest 50% of income scale |
| plays critical role in determining access to knowledge & access to such knowledge plays critical role in future with wealth & social position | family wealth |
| have limited number of productive resources, & most everyone has access to them | small-scale economies |
| have great many resources but access to them is limited | large-scale economies |
| weapons used in hunting animals & tools used in gathering plants & knowledge to make/use these are productive resources in | foraging societies |
| men of Hazda spend much time | gambling |
| men of Hazda never share/gamble their bow, bird's arrows, & leather bag because they are | essential for survival |
| land & water are the most __ __ for foragers | critical resources |
| hunting ground in foraging societies are not __ __ because __ __ have an adaptive value | exclusively owned; flexible boundaries |
| foraging ranges can be adjusted as availability of resources changes in particular area | flexible boundaries |
| abundance & predictability of resources also affect __ __ of foragers | territorial boundaries |
| each camp had core area of circle w/water hole at center & radius of about 6 miles; territories associated w/long-standing residents spoken of as owners & permission needed to use land's resources | Ju/'hoansi |
| require freedom of movement as condition of success in their search for food & for dealing w/social conflict | hunters & gatherers |
| if land were individually or communally defended against outsider, freedom of movement for foragers societies would be | severely limited |
| most critical resources are livestock & land; within camps, members share equal access to pastures | pastoralists |
| pastoralists' access to grasslands/water is gained through | membership in kin groups |
| in pastoralists' camps __ __ __ rather than ownership is important | right of access |
| pastoralists' animals are __ by individual families | owned |
| pastoralists consider animals as __ in their own right; prosperity & family status is determined by the numbers | wealth |
| established to access land in villages of agricultural peoples through which the pastoralists' move | contracts accessing land |
| contracts accessing land must be __ each year | renewed |
| contracts accessing land must specify __ for the pasture | rent |
| contracts accessing land must specify __ of the area | borders |
| contracts accessing land must specify __ by which area must be __ | date; vacated |
| yak-herders, NW Tibet; pastoralists; Buddhist monasteries granted rights to families to use pastures in return for tax payments; reviewed each 3rd yr | Drokba |
| land tends to be communally owned by extended kin group; rights to piece of land may be given to households or individuals | horticulture societies |
| swidden farmers in Nigeria; no individual owns land/has rights to it; land vested in kinship groups & allocated to individuals by leaders of groups | Ibo |
| Ibo may not dispose of land at will it is considered __ & may not be sold | inalienable |
| Horticulturalists' rights to cleared & productive land & products are vested in those who work it, most often | domestic group or household |
| highlands of Chiapas, Mexico individuals may farm any piece of unused land; retain rights to cleared land & likely to reuse; migration from the area may lose rights to cleared land but family retains ownership of fruit trees planted on it | Lacandon Maya |
| if Lacandon Maya man dies after investing time/labor clearing & planting land __ & __ retain rights to use land | wife; children |
| in horticulture societies, where population density is low or large areas of land are available for cultivation, rights to land are very | loosely held |
| horticulture group w/extensive lands in Peru there is little exclusive territory | Machiguenga |
| horticulture group Papua New Guinea, specific geographical conditions limit amount of available land or population pressures increase land shortages dealt w/primarily by warfare aimed at driving smaller, weaker groups off their land & annexing it | Enga |
| agriculture comes to dominate __ & __ complex societies | politically; technologically |
| capital is the __ __ of economic organization in capitalist societies | principle form |
| under conditions of __ __ material & labor investment in land becomes substantial | intensive cultivation |
| may grow out of population pressures that produce land scarcity & lead to intensified methods of agriculture | individual land ownership |
| creates conflict as people begin to grumble about not receiving their fair share | communal control of land |
| found that individual ownership of land was correlated w/high population density & intensive cultivation in a study of land rights in New Guinea highlands | Brown & Podelefsky |
| rural village in Bangladesh showed that 48% of families were __ __; had to rent land from larger land owners or work for others | functionally landless |
| individual/family has right to piece of land, & pass land to descendants but cannot be sold/traded in a peasant society | usufruct right |
| in societies w/peasantry __ rather than __ are able to claim rights to most of a land's surplus, enjoying higher levels of consumption & standards of living | landowners; cultivators |
| agriculture in peasant societies tends to be associated w/__ __ characterized by ruling landowning class & with occupational specialization | political organization |
| household or some extended kin group is basic unit of production & consumption | small-scale preindustrial & peasant societies |
| a household is a(n) | economic unit |
| goals are often social or religious rather than monetary; labor is not commodity bought/sold at market; labor important aspect of membership in a social group | households & kin groups |
| labor in household & kin groups provides __ & sense of __ & meaning | respect; identity |
| example of relationship between work & identity | gendered division of labor |
| sexual division of labor is __ | biological |
| caring for infants is almost always primary female role & usually central to | female identity |
| weaving baskets basic to female identity; newborn girls presented w/tools for weaving, & weaving equipment placed w/women when they die | Aztec Mexico |
| weaving considered male task, part of male identity | W African societies |
| an individual's self-image & social status is bound up w/work | Pamela Crespin |
| May 2009 US government reported __ of workforce were unemployed | 9.4% |
| firm does not __ __ for use of its members; items are sold for profit | produce goods |
| individuals tied to firms their labor is a(n) | commodity |
| households cannot easily __ or __ as economy fluctuates | expand; contract |
| __ production & distribution systems tend not to develop under household systems | large-scale |
| firms are geared towards economic growth, decision making __ __ by financial gain | motivated primarily |
| firm's goal is to find mix of __ & __ that will most increase firm's financial value to it's owners | capital; labor |
| firms & households are not __ __ | mutually exclusive |
| firms may be controlled by __ or __ group of families | single; small |
| firms often use the vocabulary of __ & __ to support their goals | family; team |
| firms from supermarket chains to hospitals & airlines promote themselves as communities | Casey |
| among forgers & horticulturalists characteristic division of labor is not by __ but by age & __ | job; sex |
| in society becomes more specialized & complex as population increases & agricultural production intensifies | division of labor |
| spreads throughout society as individuals are able to exchange their services or products they produce for food & wealth | occupational specialization |
| likely to include soldiers, governments officials, & members of priesthood as well as artisans, craftsmen, & merchants in forging & horticulturalist | specialists |
| contemporary India only people belonging to particular hereditary kinship groups can perform certain services or produce certain kinds of goods | castes |
| 19th century American workers associated __ with skilled labor, independence, & decision-making power at work | masculinity |
| practices sought to redefine masculinity associating it with working hard-in company of other men in a useful product and being well paid for it rather than skilled independence | Ford Motors |
| one of fundamental bases of culture | exchange of goods |
| theorized that societies were held together by patterns of giving & receiving | Marcel Mauss |
| three main patterns of exchange | reciprocity, redistribution, market |
| 3 types of reciprocity can be distinguished from one another by degree of __ __ between exchanging partners | social distance |
| generalized reciprocity is usually carries out among __ __ & is common in foraging bands | close kin |
| without any thought of economic or other self-interest | ideally altruistic |
| generalized reciprocity is recognized in Western culture as it exists between | parents & children |
| generalized reciprocity involving food is an important __ __ among foraging people | social mechanism |
| horticultural group in Brazil, distribution of meat gives a man prestige & opportunity to display culture's most valued trait of generosity | Pacaa Nova |
| balanced reciprocity often dominant form of exchange among __ __ without market economies | nonindustrialized people |
| balanced reciprocity occurs among individuals & groups characterized by production strategies from __ to __ | pastoralism; industrialism |
| goal of balanced reciprocity is not to gain __ over gifting partner | advantage |
| __ __ to give, accept, & return is at heart of balanced reciprocity | social obligation |
| balanced reciprocity is most typical of __ __ among nonindustrialized people without market economies | trading relations |
| notes the greater risk of economic loss, betrayal of confidence, or in fair dealing the important such personalized relations are | Plattner |
| analysis of Kula Ring | Malinowski |
| long necklaces of red shells always traded in clockwise direction | soulava |
| bracelets of white shell always traded in counter clockwise direction | mwali |
| it is morally wrong to cheat a(n) __ in a tribal or peasant society | insider |
| there is every advantage to gain by cheating a(n) __ in a tribal or peasant society | outsider |
| studied Navajo in 1940-50s; deceive when trading w/outsider in morally accepted practice; witchcraft tech. are permissible in trade w/member of foreign tribe | Clyde Kluckhohn |
| Chinese were repeatedly forced to purchase peace from the nomads | Mongols |
| redistribution gives out to the group in a(n) | new pattern |
| pooled resources are reallocated among family members in | household food sharing |
| redistribution is achieved through taxation | states societies |
| redistribution can be important in __ societies where political organizations include bigmen, self-made leaders, who gain power/authority through personal achievement | horticultural |
| potlatches held to honor/validate rank of chiefs & other nobles, usually in connection w/births, deaths, & marriages | Kwakiutl & Tlingit |
| saw potlatches as waste & evidence of native irrationality; outlawed 1885-1951 | Canadian government |
| report that Tanacross & Haida people consider potlatch central symbol of cooperation & respect that separates natives from non-native peoples | Simeone & Stearns |
| report that rivalrous, competitive feasting is found among many people throughout Pacific Islands | Rosman & Rubel |
| type of large feast in Papua New Guinea; men wish to gain prestige accumulate diverse wealth & redistribute to those who attend ceremony | Moka |
| village of Amatenango Chiapas Mexico; production by household & inheritance are leveling mechanisms | Manning Nash |
| ritual position filled by younger man | alferez |
| religious office; involves substantial purchases & donations | cargo |
| in economics, __ __ is making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit | economizing behavior |
| idea that human beings have an instinct to defend a particular piece of territory is a notion that has some popular appeal, but little support from | ethnographic data |
| distinguishing characteristic of land ownership in current capitalist societies is | land is commonly owned by individuals |
| Peasants generally __ a wealthy, landowning class | support |
| capitalism is an economic system that has become __ in the last 300 years | predominant |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Miscellaneous sets