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Chapter 2: The brain
| Question or Term | Answer or Definition |
|---|---|
| Who is Phineas Gage and what is his significance? | a traumatic brain injury that changed his personality. |
| Why is Paul Broca significant? | an autopsy was done on a stroke patient where Broca discovered injury to only one part of the brain/ |
| What is the steps for learning the brain? | 1. start with microscopic activity (neurons) 2. then, brain + its parts 3. whole system (endocrine + nervous) |
| Neurons | the cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system |
| Interneurons | neurons that serve only to connect to other nearby neurons |
| Sensory neurons | carry information from the senses to your brain (afferent) |
| Motor Neurons | carry messages from the brain to you muscles (efferent) |
| Reflex | an automatic motor response to sensory input |
| What is the pathway of messages? | Neuron-axon-axon terminals |
| cell body/soma | the center of each neuron, the large central region of the neuron that preforms the basic activities |
| axon | the passageway extending from each neuron, the part of the neuron that carries information toward other neurons |
| axon terminals | where the axon splits, small branches at the end of an axon tht forms connections to the next neuron. |
| dendrites | the branches at the end of neurons that recieve signals from other neurons (recieves messages) |
| myelin sheath | the protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the the axon |
| what is the myelin sheath manufactured by? | glial cells |
| glial cells | support and protect neurons throughout the brain |
| synapse | a small space between the axon terminal and the dendrites of the next axon. |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messages that are substances that travel across synapses to receptor sites |
| endorphins | involved in reducing pain and increasing pleasure |
| synaptic vesicles | tiny, saclike containers for neurotransmitters |
| receptor sites | openings in dendrites that maintain specific neurotransmitters like a lock + key |
| reuptake | when neurotransmitters don't successfully cross the synapse, they return to the sending neuron |
| action potential | the release of an electrical impulse that travels through the axon |
| resting potential | the low-level electrical charge in a neuron that is not firing |
| refractory period | the waiting time before another action potential can begin, neuron is reset |
| localization | the idea that specific parts of the brain do specific things |
| brain stem | connects to the spine and controls fuctions essential to staying alive (breathing, swallowing) |
| reticular activating system | collection of neurons associated with arousal |
| pons | part of the brainstem involved in infomation, sleep, breathing, and equilibrium |
| medulla | bottom of brain stem and involved with involuntary functions such as heartbeat and swallowing |
| cerebrum | located near the base of the brain, primarily controls balacne and coordination of movement |
| thalamus | brains main sensory processing center |
| limbic system | cluster of brain areas surrounding the thalamus and involved in emotion (the 4 f's) |
| hypothalamus | involved in steadiness in body, hemoeostasis |
| hippocampus | involved in memory--spacial and long them |
| amygdala | controls fears and other emotions |
| cerebrum/forebrain | upper font of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and is involved in sophisticated, uniquely human abilities. |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum where sensory infomration is processed |
| association areas | brain material devoted to synthesis and interpreting infomation rather than taking in just infomration |
| cerebral hemispheres | left-right brain |
| corpus callosum | bundle of neurons that connects and allows commuincation between the right and left brain |
| split-brain burgery | corpus collosum is cut to alleviate seizure but decreates communication between the hemispheres |
| occipital lobe | lower back part of the brain involed in vision |
| temporal lobe | lower middle region of the brain involved in hearing and speech production |
| wernicke's area | within the temportal lobe, has to do with understanding speech |
| wernickes aphasia | dysfunction in understanding or creating coherant speech, caused by damage to wernickes area |
| parietal lobe | top and back of the head and involved in touch and perception |
| somatosensory cortex | the strip of brain matter near the fron of the parietal love involved in receiving information from the senses |
| frontal lobe | part of the cerebral cortex right behind the forehead and is involved in complex thinking, and advanced functions |
| what is the prefrontal region? | located at the front front and makes up 20% of the human cerebral cortex |
| motor cortex | near the back of the frontal lobe involved in voluntary movement |
| brocas area | part of the left side of the frontal love that heavly involved speaking |
| broca's aphasia | dysfuction caused by damage to broca's area |
| plasticity | the ability of the brain to adapt to its structure of function/ |
| where is plasticity seen? | trauma/injury, psychotherapy, cutural experiences |
| neurogenesis | the creation of new neurons |
| stem cells | cells that are not yet specialized and may become a variety of other cells as needed |
| nervous system | connects the brain and all other parts of your body trhrough neurons |
| central nervous system | consists of the brain and spinal cord all communication goes through the central nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system | consists of the neurons that connect the central nervous system to other parts of your body |
| somatic nervous system | part of peripheral; oversees vuluntary movemnt |
| autonomic nervous system | part of peripheral; oversees involuntary movvement |
| sympathetic division | revs body up; part of autonomic |
| parasympathetic division | calms down body; part of autonomic |
| endocrine system | set of glands that sends hormores through the body via the bloodstream |
| hormones | chemicals made by glands of endocrine system |
| what are some hormones? | testosterone, estrogen |
| pituitary gland | the "master gland" which controls many systems within the body |
| adrenal glands | located on top of the kidneys; produce hormones to arouse body in response to stress |
| cortisol | stress hormone |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | a technique that involves electrodes placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain |
| computed tomography (CT) | a technique in which multiple xrays are combined to make a 3D image of the brain |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a technique in which magnetic fields and radio waves are used to make images of brain structures |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | a technique in which acitivy within various brain structures is visible after a radioactive sugar is inject into the body |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | a technique in which magnetic fields are used to make images of brain activity |
| how many neurons does your brain have? | about 100 billion |
| how do sensory and motor neurons differ? | sensory carry information from senses to brain. motor neurons carry information FROM the brain to the muscles |
| whats the purpose of the myelin sheath? | axons are covered by the myelin sheath to prevent it from getting lost as it travels |
| what is the role of an action potential in communication between neurons? | process of sending a message starts w/ action potention which happens when the electrical charge within the neuron exceeds a certain threshold |
| how do the parts near the base of the brain differ from the parts near the outer regions? | the parts that control functions most OTHER animals can do are located by the base of the brain; the parts that more most uniquely human are closer to the outer regions |
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