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Psych exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developed Countries | world's most economically developed and affluent countries (1.3 billion, 20% of population) |
| Developing Countries | lower level income and rapid population growth (6.3 billion, 80% of population) |
| Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| Evolutionary theory | A theory presented by the naturalist Charles Darwin; it views the history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, of mental activity, and of behavior. |
| Scientific Method | A series of scientific investigations, solve problems including 1.) identify a research question, 2.) Propose a hypothesis, 3.) Choose a research measurement and research design, 4.) Collect data, 5.) Draw Conclusions |
| Freud and psychosexual theory | Sexual desires is the driving force behind behaviors - emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development |
| Oral stage | (Infancy) Sexual desires concentrated in mouth; pleasure from sucking, chewing, and biting |
| Anal stage | (-1.5 yrs) Sexual sensations concentrated in the anus; pleasure from the act of elimination |
| Phallic stage | (6 to puberty) Child experiences desires for opposite-sex parent. Fears punishment for desires so the child represses them and identifies with the same-sex parent. Sexual feelings repressed or dormant |
| Genital stage | (puberty or older) Sexual drive re-emerges but is directed towards people outside the family |
| Erikson's Psychosocial Theory | Human development is driven by the need to become integrated into social and cultural environment |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner |
| Autonomy vs. shame and doubt | Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt |
| Initiative vs. guilt | Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities |
| Indusrty vs. Inferiority | Main developmental challenges is to begin to learn knowledge and skills of culture |
| identity vs identity confusion | the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves |
| Piaget and Cognitive-developmental theory | Focus on how cognition and cognitive development proceeds in distinct stages |
| Piaget stages | 1.) Maturation - understand and influence surrounding environment, Infancy - sensory and motor, Post - infancy symbolic and representational (Schemes) |
| Social learning theory | Children imitate behavior they see performed by others who are rewarded or not punished (Bandura) |
| Behaviorism (operant conditioning) | Infants start to scratch or learn behaviors based on responses or "conditioning" of those around them |
| Positive Reinforcement | Increase behaviors by adding something. Ex: Praise or reward child for completing their homework |
| Positive Punishment | Decrease behaviors by adding something. Ex: Child is grounded for forgetting to do homework |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increase behavior by taking away something. Ex: Child completes homework to stop nagging parent |
| Negative Punishment | Decrease behavior by taking away something. Ex: Child looses T.V. time after forgetting to do their homework |
| Evolutionary psychology | Language development has a biological basis |
| Bayesian theories | Children infer meaning of words based on statistical probability (happy/doggie) |
| Behavior genetics | Genes influence behavior, environment influences gene expression |
| Neuroscience | Characteristics of the brain influence human thought and behavior Role that environmental factors and culture shape brain developments AVOID reducing the origins of behaviors to just brain development |
| Contextual theories | Children's development from the prespective of people and institutions they interact with |
| Ecological theory | Bronfenbenner's theory that humans development is shaped by 5 interrelated systems in social environment |
| Microsystem | Immediate environment |
| Mesosystem | Interconnections between microsystem |
| Exosystem | Social institutions |
| Macrosystem | Cultural beliefs and values |
| Chronosystem | Changes overtime |
| Developmental systems theories | Addresses how individuals development involves interactions between biology and diverse social contexts Individual development is a lifelong process Individual is an active agent |
| Cultural theories | Emphasizes that culture shapes physical, cognitive, and socioemotion development |
| W.E.I.R.D | Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic basing conclusions on a narrow sample of humans cannot validly capture development |
| Sensitive periods | Time in development when capacity for learning in a specific area is pronounced |
| Critical periods | Time when a particular type of developmental growth (body or behavior) must happen for normal development to occur |
| Chromosomes | Human body contains 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
| DNA | Stores and transfers genetic material, organized into genes which contain coded instructions |
| Genes | Segment of DNA containing coded instructions for the growth and functioning of the organism |
| Genotype | Totality of an individual's genes (underlying genes/genetic makeup) |
| Phenotype | Actual characteristics (observable characteristics or behavior) |
| Dominant gene | member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait |
| Recessive gene | a gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a recessive gene from the other parent, hidden by dominant |
| Polygenetic inheritance | Interaction of multiple genes rather than just one (physical and non-physical characteristics) |
| X-linked inheritance | Female (XX) Male (XY), men are more vulnerable to x recessive disorders (Ex: Color blindness) |
| Twin studies and heritability | (Nature vs. Nurture) Genes are responsible for differences among people in a specific population |
| Passive genotype | In a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to their children Ex: Dad is a graphic designer so daughter becomes an architect |
| Evocative genotype | When a person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment Ex: Son is an avid reader so parents take him to libraries and book stores more |
| Active genotype | When people seek out environments that correspond to their genotype characteristics Ex: Child who is a fast runner tries out for the track team |
| Mitosis | A process of cell replication in which chromosomes duplicate themselves and 1 cell divides into 2 identical cells |
| Meiosis | Duplication and division in which 4 new, non-identical cells are created from the original cell each with 23 single chromosomes |
| Fertilization and Conception | Ovum (egg) is in the fallopian tube, Sperm ( 4 viable) must reach egg (1 viable) to form zygote |
| Germinal (1 to 2 weeks) | zygote divides and forms blastocyst, which implants in uterus and begins forming the amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord |
| Embryonic (3 to 4 weeks) | Three layers form: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, neural tube develops; heart begins beating, ribs, muscles, and digestive track form |
| First trimester (5 to 8 weeks) | Arms and legs develop, then fingers and toes, placenta and umbilical cord function, digestive system develops; liver produces blood cells; embryo responds to touch; neural tube begins producing neurons |
| Fetal (9-12 weeks) | Genitals form and release sex hormones; fingernails, toenails, and taste buds develop; heartbeat audible with stethoscope |
| Second trimester (13 to 24 weeks) | Mother feels movement; fetus kicks, turns, hiccups, sucks thumb, breathes amniotic fluid; responds to sounds, especially music and familiar voices; vernix and lanugo develop on skin |
| Third trimester (23 to 38 weeks) | Lungs develop fully; over two-thirds of birth weight is gained; brain development accelerates; sleep-wake cycles resemble newborns |
| Teratogens | Behaviors, environments, and bodily conditions that could be harmful to developing organism |
Created by:
LiviaW
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