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Psych Unit 2 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hindsight bias | The "I knew it all along phenomenon" |
| Theory | A predicting explanation |
| Hypothesis | Testable, scientific predictions |
| Null-hypothesis | The claim that the effect being studied doesn't exist, so saying there's no relationship between the variables |
| Falsifiable | The logical possibility that something (like a claim) can be shown to be false |
| Testable | If something can be tested |
| Operational definition | Describes variables and stuff so they're observable and measurable |
| Replicate | Repetition multiple times |
| Peer review | Quality control where peers review shit |
| Case study | In-depth analyses of people |
| Naturalistic observation | Recording the natural behavior of people |
| Sample | The group of people that are being directly studied |
| Random sample | A randomized sample |
| Representative sample | A sample that accurately represents the population |
| Convenience sample | Surveying the first five people to walk into a room, for example. It's convenient |
| Population | The group we are trying to get info about |
| Meta-analysis | Combining and evaluating the results of multiple studies to address one question |
| Quasi-experimental | An experiment that isn't randomly assigned |
| Cross-sectional | Collecting data for many people or groups at once |
| Correlation | A relationship between variables |
| Correlation coefficient | Tells us how closely correlated variables are |
| Variables | Things that vary or change |
| Positive correlation | A positive slope |
| Negative correlation | A negative slope |
| Non-correlation | No correlation |
| Spurious correlation | When variables look related but aren't |
| R-values | Shows a relationship's strength, r=1 is peak, r=0 is bad, r=-1 is peak |
| Illusory correlation | Perceiving a correlation between variables when one doesn't exist |
| Regression towards the mean | Extreme stuff reverts to usualness |
| Experimental group | Receives the treatment |
| Control group | Controls shit |
| Random assignment | Randomly assigned treatments |
| Double-blind procedure | When neither the subject nor the administrator of the treatment knows which treatment is being given |
| Experimenter bias | Bias of the researcher |
| Social desirability bias | When survey respondants provide answers based on societal expectations rather than their actual beliefs |
| Placebo effect | When by just being told you're drinking caffeine, you feel some of its effects |
| Independent variable | The thing experimenters are changing |
| Confounding variable | Factors besides the independent variable that influence the dependent variable |
| Dependent variable | The thing being changed based on the independent variable |
| Descriptive research design | Observational method |
| Correlational research design | To detect naturally occuring relationships |
| Experimental research design | To explore cause and effect |
| Non-experimental research design | Shit that ain't experimental (lacks the manipulation of an independent variable) |
| Pie graph | A pie |
| Bar graph | A bar |
| Frequency histogram | A bar with frequency |
| Frequency distribution | Describes # of observations for each value of a variable |
| Scatterplot | A bunch of scattered dots and shit |
| Descriptive statistics | Stats that summarize and describe shit |
| Inferential statistics | Use a sample to test something, infer a hypothesis about the population |
| Informed consent | Being able to choose but also being told about what's to come |
| Debrief | Informing people about what's been going on after it's done been done |
| Deception | The use of psychology to trick others |
| Confederate | Individuals who seem like subjects but are really part of the research team, like a spy |
| Mode | The most frequently occurring score |
| Mean | The average |
| Median | The midpoint or 50th percentile |
| Range | The gap between lowest and highest in a dataset |
| Standard deviation | A measure of how much scores vary and the mean score |
| Normal curve | A bell curve usually |
| Effect sizes | How meaningful the relationship between variables |
| Statistical significance | Results can't be attributed to chance alone (usually p-value <5%) |
| P-values | The probability of obtaining such a result if it was only down to chance alone |
| Split-half reliability | Assessed by splitting a test in half and measuring the correlation between the scores of each half |
| Test-retest reliability | Administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals |
| Alternate forms reliability | The consistency of test results between two different but equivalent forms of a text |
| Inter-rater reliability | The degree of agreement between independent researchers who study the same stuff |
| Construct validity | Measures how well a test measures the concept it was designed to measure |
| Predictive validity | Relates to the ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome |
| Face validity | The extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it purports to measure |
| Content validity | Evaluates how well an instrument covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure |
Created by:
mejones
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