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test 3 chapter 11/12
chapter 11-test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| puberty | a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence. Including signs of sexual maturation & increases in height & weight puberty ends before adolescence does |
| Menarche | a girl's first menstruation-comes rather late in the pubertal cycle, may be highly irregular and no ovulation may occur at first |
| Hormones | powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream |
| hypothalamus | a structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex. |
| pituitary gland | an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands among these are the gonads |
| gonads | the testes in males & the ovaries in females |
| gonadotropins | hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries |
| testosterone | a hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, an increase in height and a change in voice |
| Estradiol | a type of estrogen in girls that is associated with breast, uterine & skeletal development |
| corpus callosum | where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence and this improves adolescents' ability to process information |
| prefrontal cortex | the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control |
| amygdala | the seat of emotions such as anger; matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex |
| sexually transmitted infections (STI) | infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact, including oral-genital and anal-genital contact |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; 1% of girls will develop; can result in death by starvation;10x more common in females & non latino girls from educated middle-upper SES & competitive/high achievers |
| bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge and purge pattern; considered a serious disorder only if the episodes occur at least twice a week for three months.(self inducing vomiting or use of laxative); 1-2% women will develop |
| main characteristics of anorexia | 1. weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for their age and height or 15% below 2.intense fear of gaining weight that doesn't decrease with weight loss 3. a distorted image of their body shape; typically begins in early to middle adolescent yrs |
| main characteristics of bulimia | preoccupied with food, have a strong fear of becoming overweight, depressed or anxious, distorted body image; normally fall within a normal weight range, begins late adolescence or early adulthood, sometimes overweight before the onset of disorder |
| hypothetical-deductive reasoning | Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems, such as an algebraic equation; think through, write down, generate poss. reasons, weigh pros & cons |
| prefrontal cortex (executive functioning) | involves higher order cognitive activities such as reasoning, making decisions, monitoring thinking critically, and monitoring one's cognitive progress; improvements permit more effective learning & improved ability to determine how attention is allocate |
| cognitive changes that allow improved critical thinking are: | 1 increased speed, automaticity and capacity of information processing 2. more breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains 3 increased ability to construct new combination of knowledge |
| cognitive changes that allow improved critical thinking are: | 4 a greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies or procedures for applying or obtaining knowledge such as planning, considering alternatives and cognitive monitoring |
| Identity is a self-portrait composed of | vocational/career identity, political identity, religious identity, relationship identity, achievement, intellectual identity; sexual identity; cultural/ethnic identity; interests;personality; physical identity |
| vocational/career identity | the career and work path the person wants to follow |
| political identity | whether the person is conservative, liberal, or middle of the road |
| religious identity | the person's spiritual beliefs |
| relationship identity | whether a person is single, married, divorced, and so on |
| sexual identity | whether the person is heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual |
| cultural/ethnic identity | which part of the world or country a person is from & how intensely the person identifies with his/her cultural heritage |
| interests | the kind of things a person likes to do, which can include sports, music, hobbies, and so on |
| personality | the individual's personality characteristics (such as being introverted or extroverted, anxious or calm, friendly or hostile_ |
| physical identity | the individual's body image |
| four statuses of identity or ways of resolving the identity crisis | identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium and identity achievement |
| Identity diffusion | the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. undecided about occupation & ideological choices and likely to show little interest in such matters |
| identity foreclosure | the status of individuals who have made a commitment but no experienced a crisis; occurs when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches |
| identity moratorium | the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined |
| identity achievement | the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment |
| crisis | Marcia's term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives |
| commitment | Marcia's term for the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in identity |
| MAMA cycle | identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement |
| individuality | consists of two dimensions: self-assertion (the ability to have and communicate a point of view) and separateness (the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others) |
| connectedness | consists of two dimensions; mutuality (sensitivity to and respect for others' views) and permeability (openness to others' views) |
| ethnic identity | an enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership |
| clique | a small group that ranges from 2 to 12 individuals; averaging about 5 to 6 individuals, and can form because adolescents engage in similar activities |
| crowd | a larger group structure than a clique, usually formed based on reputation and members may or may not spend much time together |
| rite of passage | a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another. Most focus on the transition to adult status |
| assimilation | the absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group, which often involves the loss of some or virtually all of the behavior and values of the ethnic minority group |
| pluralism | the coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society, each of which maintains its cultural differences |
| juvenile delinquent | an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal;heredity, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences have been proposed as causes of juvenile delinquency |
| chance of disease for girl having unprotected sex | 1% HIV 30% Genital Herpes 50% Gonorrhea 3 million American adolescents acquire an STI per year |
| percents of health | 17% of 12-19 year old in US overweight 35% of adolescents would be characterized as being in the low fitness category 2/3 of US teens exercise at least twice a week |
| leading causes of Teenage deaths | 1. accidents (50% attributed to alcohol) 2. homicide (stronger among African American boys) 3. suicide (tripled since the 1950s) |
| drug and Alcohol use in teens | 1.the US has the highest rate of illegal dug use by teens 2. alcohol use has a sizable decline and binge drinking has declined among HS seniors since 1980 3. 18% of US adolescents have used Vicodin 4. 9% abused cough medications |
| risks factors for becoming a smoker as a teen | 1. having a friend who smokes, having weak academic orientation, experiencing low parental support |
| recovery rate of anorexia and bulimia | 70% |
| Jean Piaget theory | formal operation starts around 11-12; think more abstractly & idealistically, & logically, can systematically test hypotheses, influenced by culture and education |
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