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child psych: ch. 3
vocabulary + key terms for chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chromosome | structure in nucleus of cells containing genes; they are paired except in reproductive cells |
| DNA | long strand of cell material that stores + transfers genetic information in all life forms |
| gene | segment of DNA containing coded instructions for the growth and functioning of the organism |
| genome | entire store of organism's hereditary info |
| genotype | organism unique genetic inheritance |
| phenotype | organism's actual characteristics, derived from its genotype |
| dominant-recessive inheritance | pair of chromosomes contains one dominant gene and one recessive gene, but only the dominant gene is expressed in the phenotype |
| allele | on a pair of chromosomes, each of two forms a gene |
| incomplete dominance | dominant-recessive inheritance where phenotype is influenced primarily by dominant gene, but also (to some extent) the recessive gene |
| polygenic inheritance | expression of phenotypic characteristics due to the interaction of multiple genes |
| sex chromosome | determine whether an organism is male (XY) or female (XX) |
| X-linked inheritance | recessive characteristic is expressed because it is carried on the male's X-chromosome (ex: hemophilia) |
| monozygotic twins | twins who have exact same genotype; identical twins |
| dizygotic twins | twins from when 2 ova are released by a female instead of one and both are fertilized by sperm; fraternal twins |
| heritability | statistical estimate of extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among person within a specific population; values range from 0-1 |
| concordance rate | degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members; expressed as percentage |
| epigenetics | continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment |
| reaction range | range of possible development paths established by genes; environment will ultimately determine path |
| theory of genotype ----- environmental effects | theory proposing that genes influence the kind of environment we experience |
| passive genotype ----- environmental effects | In theory of genotype-----environmental effects, type that results from the fact that in a bio family, parents provide both genes AND environment to children |
| evocative genotype ----- environmental effects | In theory of genotype------environmental effects, type that results when person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment |
| active genotype ----- environmental effects | In theory of genotype------environmental effects, type that results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics |
| ovum | mature egg that develops in ovaries (approx. every 28 days) |
| mitosis | cell replication where chromosomes duplicate themselves and cell divides into two, each w/ SAME number of chromosomes as original cell |
| gametes | cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction -ova in ovaries of females -sperm in testes of males |
| meiosis | gametes are generated, through separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in 4 new gametes from original cell. each have HALF number of chromosomes of original cells |
| cytoplasm | in ovum, fluid that provides nutrients for first two weeks of growth if the ovum is fertilized, until it reaches the uterus and begins drawing nutrients from mother |
| crossing over | at the outset of meiosis, the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes |
| follicle | consists of ovum + other cells that surround it and provide nutrients |
| zygote | following fertilization, the new cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum |
| germinal period | first 2 weeks following conception |
| blastocyst | ball of about 100 cells formed about 1 week after conception |
| trophoblast | in blastocyst, the outer layer of cells, which will go on to form structures that provide protection and nourishment to the embryo |
| embryonic disk | in blastocyst, the inner layer cells, which will go on to form the embryo |
| amnion | fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing organism in womb |
| placenta | in womb, gatekeeper between mother and fetus; protects fetus from bacteria in wastes in mother's blood, produces hormones that maintain the blood in the uterine lining and cause mother's breasts to produce milk |
| umbilical cord | structure connecting the placenta to mother's uterus |
| embryonic period | weeks 3 to 8 of prenatal development; nearly all major organ systems are formed |
| gestation | elapsed time since conception |
| ectoderm | in embryonic period: outer layer of cells that eventually become skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system (brain + spinal cord) |
| mesoderm | in embryonic period: middle of three cell layers that eventually become muscles, bones, reproductive system, and circulatory system |
| endoderm | in embryonic period: inner layer of cells, eventually become the digestive system and the respiratory system |
| neural tube | in embryonic period: part of ectoderm that will become spinal cord and brain |
| neuron | cell of nervous system |
| neurogenesis | production of neurons |
| fetal period | week 9 until birth |
| trimester | one of the three month periods of prenatal development |
| vernix | oily, cheesy substance babies are covered in at birth. protects skin from chapping in womb |
| teratogen | a behavior, environment, or bodily condition that can have a damaging influence on prenatal development |
| AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV, resulting in damage to the immune system |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | problems that occur as consequence of high maternal alcohol use during pregnancy (ex: facial deformity, heart problems, misshapen limbs, variety of cognitive issues) |
| secondhand smoke | cigarette smoke inhaled by those near the smoker |
| down syndrome | genetic disorder due to carrying an extra chromosome on the 21st pair |
| multifactorial disorders | involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors |
| genetic mutation | permanent alteration of DNA sequence that makes up a gene |
| various techniques of parental monitoring | ultrasound, maternal blood screening, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS). these all monitor the growth and health of the fetus + detect prenatal problems |
| ultrasound | machine that uses sound waves to produce images of the fetus during pregnancy |
| maternal blood screening | tests for risk factors (ex: spina bifida, Down syndrome) by examining proteins, hormones, and genetic fragments of DNA from the fetus |
| amniocentesis | needle is used to withdraw amniotic fluid containing fetal cells from placenta, allowing possible problems to be detected |
| chronic villus sampling (CVS) | takes sample of cells at 5 to 10 weeks of gestation by inserting a tube into uterus |
| infertility | inability to attain pregnancy after at least a year of regular sex |
| assisted reproductive technologies (ART) | methods of overcoming infertility (ex: intrauterine insemination, fertility drugs, and IVF) |
| intrauterine insemination (IUI) | procedure of injecting sperm directly into uterus |
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) | using drugs to stimulate growth of multiple follicles in ovaries, removing ova and combining them w/ sperm, then transferring the most promising zygotes to the uterus |
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