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Drugs for Anesthesia
Local and general anesthesias, how they work and drugs that are used with them
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| medical procedure performed by administering drugs that cause a loss of sensation | anesthesia |
| loss of sensation to a relatively small part of the body without loss of consciousness of the patient | local anesthesia |
| five major routes of local anesthesia | topical, infiltration, nerve block, spinal, epidural |
| applied to mucous membranes including the eyes, lips, gums, nasal membranes, and throat. very safe unless absorbed | topical / surface anesthesia |
| drug diffuses into tissue to block a specific group of nerves in a small area very close to the area to be operated upon | infiltration (field block) anesthesia |
| drug affects the bundle of nerves serving the area to be operated upon; used to block sensation in a limb or large area of the face | nerve block anesthesia |
| drug affects large, regional area such as the lower abdomen and legs | spinal anesthesia |
| most commonly used in obstetrics during labor and delivery | epidural anesthesia |
| how do local anesthetics work in the body | block sodium channels |
| used to constrict blood vessels to keep anesthetic in the area longer and lenthen duration of action of the drug | epinephrine |
| added to anesthetic solutions to increase drug's effectiveness in areas w/ extensive local infection or abscesses | alkaline substances (sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate) |
| why would you need an alkaline substance in an area with infection | bacteria tend to acidify in infected site and local anesthetics are less effective in an acidic environment |
| 2 major classes of local anesthetics | esters and amides |
| amides have mostly replaced esters, why | because they produce fewer side effects and generally have a longer duration of action |
| why would someone be allergic to local anesthesia | sulfites that are added to prolong shelf lifemethylparaben added to prevent bacterial growth in solution |
| what would a nurse need to monitor with a local anesthetic | HTN, dysrhythmias, drowsiness, unresponsiveness |
| when would a nurse need to watch for cardiac problems | when the medication is absorbed too rapidly or is accidentally injected directly into a blood vessel |
| what are natural alternatives | cloves and anise for dental remedies |
| goal of general anesthesia | to provide a rapid and complete loss of sensation |
| signs of general anesthesia | total analgesia (no feeling of pain), loss of consciousness, memory, and body movement |
| describe stage 1 of general anesthesia | loss of pain; pt may still be awake |
| describe stage 2 of general anesthesia | excitement and hyperactivity; pt may be delirious and try to resist; HR and RR may be irregular; BP can increase |
| describe stage 3 of general anesthesia | surgicla anesthesia; skeletal muscles relaxed; HR and RR stabilize, eye movement slows; pt is very still |
| describe stage 4 of general anesthesia | paralysis of the medulla region (responsible for control of resp and cardio); if resp or cardio stops, pt could die THIS STAGE IS USUALLY AVOIDED DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA |
| multiple meds are used to rapidly cause unconsciousness and muscle relaxation, and to maintain deep anesthesia | balanced anesthesia |
| what are the routes of general anesthesia | IV and inhalation |
| medical procedure performed by administering drugs that cause a loss of sensation | anesthesia |
| loss of sensation to a relatively small part of the body without loss of consciousness of the patient | local anesthesia |
| five major routes of local anesthesia | topical, infiltration, nerve block, spinal, epidural |
| applied to mucous membranes including the eyes, lips, gums, nasal membranes, and throat. very safe unless absorbed | topical / surface anesthesia |
| drug diffuses into tissue to block a specific group of nerves in a small area very close to the area to be operated upon | infiltration (field block) anesthesia |
| drug affects the bundle of nerves serving the area to be operated upon; used to block sensation in a limb or large area of the face | nerve block anesthesia |
| drug affects large, regional area such as the lower abdomen and legs | spinal anesthesia |
| most commonly used in obstetrics during labor and delivery | epidural anesthesia |
| how do local anesthetics work in the body | block sodium channels |
| used to constrict blood vessels to keep anesthetic in the area longer and lenthen duration of action of the drug | epinephrine |
| added to anesthetic solutions to increase drug's effectiveness in areas w/ extensive local infection or abscesses | alkaline substances (sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate) |
| why would you need an alkaline substance in an area with infection | bacteria tend to acidify in infected site and local anesthetics are less effective in an acidic environment |
| 2 major classes of local anesthetics | esters and amides |
| amides have mostly replaced esters, why | because they produce fewer side effects and generally have a longer duration of action |
| why would someone be allergic to local anesthesia | sulfites that are added to prolong shelf lifemethylparaben added to prevent bacterial growth in solution |
| what would a nurse need to monitor with a local anesthetic | HTN, dysrhythmias, drowsiness, unresponsiveness |
| when would a nurse need to watch for cardiac problems | when the medication is absorbed too rapidly or is accidentally injected directly into a blood vessel |
| what are natural alternatives | cloves and anise for dental remedies |
| goal of general anesthesia | to provide a rapid and complete loss of sensation |
| signs of general anesthesia | total analgesia (no feeling of pain), loss of consciousness, memory, and body movement |
| describe stage 1 of general anesthesia | loss of pain; pt may still be awake |
| describe stage 2 of general anesthesia | excitement and hyperactivity; pt may be delirious and try to resist; HR and RR may be irregular; BP can increase |
| describe stage 3 of general anesthesia | surgicla anesthesia; skeletal muscles relaxed; HR and RR stabilize, eye movement slows; pt is very still |
| describe stage 4 of general anesthesia | paralysis of the medulla region (responsible for control of resp and cardio); if resp or cardio stops, pt could die THIS STAGE IS USUALLY AVOIDED DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA |
| multiple meds are used to rapidly cause unconsciousness and muscle relaxation, and to maintain deep anesthesia | balanced anesthesia |
| what are the routes of general anesthesia | IV and inhalation |
Created by:
bbogden
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