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AP Ch. 1,3,& 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of structure |
| Physiology | the study of function |
| Pathophysiology | the study of disorders of function |
| Levels of Organization | each level encompasses all of the previous levels |
| each level of organization | -chemicals -cells -tissues -organs -organ systems -organism |
| Chemical levels | -inorganic -organic |
| Cellular level | -cells-living |
| Inorganic Chemicals | usually simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon (with a few exceptions) |
| Organic Chemicals | are often very complex and always contain the elements carbon and hydrogen |
| Cells | the smallest living units of structure and function |
| Tissue level | a tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function |
| Epithelial tissue | covers or lines surfaces; some are capable of production secretions with specific functions |
| Connective tissue | connects and supports parts of the body |
| Muscle tissue | Contracts and moves a body part |
| Nerve tissue | Specialized to generate or transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions |
| Organ level | an organ is a group of tissues that contribute to a particular function or functions |
| Organ system level | a group of organs that contribute to a particular function or functions |
| Microbiota | enormous population of bacteria and other microorganisms collectively |
| Microbiome | the sites colonized by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa and include the skin, oral cavity, and intestines, especially the large intestine |
| Normal flora | number of microbes that reside on us or inside us, with the most in the intestines, but still suggest that they outnumber our own cells by about 2 to 1 |
| In their usual sites, our normal flora inhibits the? | Growth of pathogens, some intestinal bacteria produce vitamins such as vitamin K |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions and physiological processes that take place within the body |
| Metabolic rate | amount of energy and heat production per unit of time |
| Homeostasis | the state in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively stable by responding appropriately to changes; a state of good health |
| Negative feedback Mechanism | -A control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or decreases the stimulus -the mechanism is a cycle that contains its own "brake" |
| Positive Feedback Mechanism | -A control system that requires an external event to stop or control the stimulus -the mechanism needs a "brake" imposed from outside |
| Skeletal system | -bones with protects the body and provides support, also allows movement |
| Muscular system | Muscles and tendons which provides movement and creates heat |
| Respiratory System | Obtains 02 (oxygen) and transports 02 to and from cells |
| Circulatory System | Transports 02, CO2, nutrients, and waste products to and from cells |
| Lymphatic System | Fights infections |
| Nervous System | Interprets sensory information |
| Urinary System | Removes waste products form blood, controls amount and acidity of blood, eliminates liquid waste |
| Integumentary System | Skin and hair, protection form infection |
| Endocrine System | Regulates body functions by use of hormones |
| Gastrointestinal System | Absorbs nutrients into bloodstream |
| Reproductive System | Male- testicles, prostate, penis produce sperm Female- Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, produces egg provides site for embryo/fetus |
| Location and position | Standard directional terms are used for descriptions |
| Crania and spinal cavities | enclosed by bone; lines with meninges |
| Thoracic Cavities | lined with the parietal pleura; visceral pleura covers the lungs |
| Abdominal Cavities | lined with the peritoneum; mesentery covers the abdominal organs |
| Pelvic Cavities | inferior to the abdominal cavity |
| Four Quadrants | a transverse plane and a midsagittal plane cross at the umbilicus -R U Q -L U Q -R L Q -L L Q |
| Nucleus | the control center of the cell, contains the chromosomes of the cell. Human Chromosome number- 2 pair of 23+26 |
| Chromosomes | Made of DNA and protein |
| Cytoplasm | watery solution of minerals, gases, and organic molecules |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Extensive network of membranous tubules that extend form teh nuclear membrane to the cell membrane |
| Ribosomes | are very small structures made of protein and ribosomal RNA |
| Golgi Apparatus | A series of flat membranous sacs, somewhat like a stack of saucers |
| Mitochondria | oval or spherical organelles bounded by a double membrane |
| Lysosomes | Single-membrane structures that contain digestive enzymes |
| Centrioles | pair of rod-shaped structures perpendicular to one another, located just outside the nucleus |
| Motile Cilia | occur in bunches or swaths on the free surface of one type of epithelial cell; they resemble small fields of wheat |
| Flagella | Threadlike projections through the cell membrane |
| Microvilli | folds of the cell membrane on the free surface of a cell |
| Cytoskeleton | frame work or support of a cell |
| Diffusion | the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion that requires transporters |
| Active Transport | the movement of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration |
| Phagocytosis and pinocytosis | the engulfing of something by a cell |
| Filtration | water and solutes move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure |
| Isotonic | concentration of NaCl is equal |
| Hypotonic | Concentration of NaCl inside the cell is 0.9% but outside the cell is less |
| Hypertonic | Concentration of NaCl inside the cell is 0.9% but outside is greater |
| DNA | Double helix made of nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base |
| Mitosis | one cell with a diploid number of chromosomes divides once to form two cells |
| Meiosis | One cell with the diploid number of chromosomes divides twice to form four cells |
| Stages of Mitosis | -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase -Cytokinesis |
| Cell Metabolism | Chemical reactions within the body which either use or create energy |
| Catabolism | Process which releases energy or heat |
| Anabolism | Process which uses energy to build or repair tissue |
| Tissue | A group of cells with similar structure and function |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | one layer of flat cells |
| Capillary Walls | Permit exchanges between blood and tissues |
| Alveoli of lungs | permit diffusion of gases |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Many layers of flat cells |
| Non-Keratinizing | lining of the mouth and esophagus; in women, lining the vagina |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | One layer of cube-shaped cells |
| Thyroid glands | secrete thyroid hormone |
| Salivary glands | secrete salvia |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | One layer of column-shaped cells |
| Lining of the stomach | Secrete gastric juice |
| Lining of the small intestine | digestive enzymes |
| Ciliated Epithelium | the function of these cilia is to sweep |
| Transitional Epithelium | rounded surface cells flatten when stretched -lining of the urinary bladder |
| Glands | Epithelial tissue capable of secretion |
| Unicellular | goblet cells |
| Exocrine glands | have ducts, carry to |
| Endocrine glands | no ducts, secrete directly into |
| Blood | The matrix is plasma, 52% to 62% of the total blood |
| Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes | produced mainly in the red bone marrow |
| R B C's (red blood cells) | Carry O2 |
| W B C's (white blood cells) | destroy pathogens, immunity |
| Platelets | Blood Clotting |
| Tendons | Connect muscle to bone |
| Ligaments | Connect bone to bone |
| Around Alveoli | Promote normal exhalation |
| Bones of the Skeleton | Support and protect |
| Joint Surfaces | Prevent friction |
| Purpose of nerve impulses | Contraction |
| Skeletal Muscles attached to bones | to move and produce heat |
| Stomach and Intestines | Peristalsis |
| Walls of arteries and veins | Maintain BP |
| Walls of the chambers of the heart | Pump blood, Circulate O2, maintain BP |
| Axon | Carries electrical impulse away |
| Dendrites | Carries toward cell body |
| Synapse | Neurotransmitter, carries impulse |
| Serous Fluid | Prevents Friction between 2 layers of the serous membrane |
| Superficial Fascia | Between the skin and muscles; adipose tissue stores fat; WBCs destroy pathogens that enter breaks in the skin |
| Periosteum | Covers each bone; contains blood vessels that enter the bone anchors tendons from muscles and ligaments form other bones. |
| Perichondrium | Covers cartilage; contains capillaries, the only blood supply for cartilage |
| Synovial | Lines joint cavities: secrets synovial fluid to prevent frictions when joints move. |
| Deep Fascia | Covers each skeletal muscle; anchors tendons |
| Meninges | Cover the brain and spinal cord (line the cranial and spinal cavities); contain cerebrospinal fluid |
| Fibrous pericardium | Forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal pericardium |
Created by:
g_brooke9
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