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PSYCH 2314 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F: Some reflexes persist through life. | T |
| Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being | insecure resistant |
| Carla is discussing stranger anxiety in toddlers with her friend Maria. She tells Maria that her toddler, Beth, showed less stranger anxiety when she met her new nanny in their home. Which of the following statements best explains Beth's reaction? | Beth showed less stranger anxiety because she was in a familiar setting. |
| Alex is 8 years old and in the third grade; his main focus is success in school, as he is gradually exposed to more and more information about the world at large. The developmental period Alex is currently in is | middle childhood. |
| T/F: Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced. | T |
| Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is | experiencing pain. |
| Eva wants to check if her 8-month-old nephew, Michael, can recognize his own reflection in a mirror. She places him in front of a mirror and applies a bit of baby powder on his nose. Which of the following is most likely to happen? | Michael will crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror. |
| Similar to the epigenetic view, the _____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development. | neuroconstructivist |
| During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs. | intimacy versus isolation |
| What theory states that the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence? | theory of operant conditioning |
| In the context of the debate over whether breast feeding is better for an infant than bottle feeding, what is true? | The growing consensus is that breast feeding is better for the infant's health. |
| The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves | stranger anxiety. |
| Each year, hundreds of babies in the United States show symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging, which experts refer to as | shaken baby syndrome. |
| When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as | pruning. |
| Cindy has worked from home as a freelancer ever since she had a baby. Now that her baby, Hailey, is 15 months old, Cindy has accepted a full-time job offer. Every day when Cindy drops Hailey off at the day care, Hailey screams and cries for a couple of mi | separation protest |
| Infant sleep problems have consistently been linked to | inconsistent bedtime routines and excessive screen time. |
| The elementary school years, in which children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place. | industry versus inferiority |
| The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is | integrity versus despair. |
| What interaction is most likely to allow information to pass from neuron to neuron? | the chemical interactions in synapses that connect axons and dendrites |
| T/F: The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. | T |
| According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements is true? | People's basic personality is shaped during the first five years of their life. |
| Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected? | in infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed |
| T/F: Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to playgrounds. | T |
| The recent focus on _____ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances. | effortful control |
| Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occurred in the brain's left hemisphere. This case stud | the brain is both flexible and resilient. |
| According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is true of nonnormative life events? | They do not happen to all people. |
| ____ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration. | Huntington disease |
| Brianna goes to a doctor who specializes in identifying genetic flaws to help prevent the risk of abnormalities. This doctor is called a | genetic counselor. |
| __ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment. | Parental sensitivity |
| What is a characteristic of the developmental period known as early childhood? | development of school readiness skills |
| In Holland, more than 40 percent of babies are delivered by midwives. In 2017, how many women in the United States delivered a baby were with the assistance of a midwife? | less than 10 percent |
| Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions. | other-conscious |
| Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the _____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs. | Moro |
| Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a _____ pattern of growth. | cephalocaudal |
| __ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development. | Behavior genetics |
| __ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers. | Synapses |
| In 2001, the Human Genome Project reported that humans have about 30,000 genes. By 2018, researchers had revised that number to | about 21,000. |
| The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is | nighttime waking. |
| Nick is 24 months old. His nanny observes that he has better locomotion skills than other children his age. He loves to walk and run around more than other children. Which of the following would most likely be a result of this behavior? | increased independent social interchanges |
| Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year. | explicit memory |
| Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as a(n) | slow-to-warm-up child. |
| Psychoanalytic theories are criticized for | creating an image of people that is too negative. |
| According to Paul Baltes, which of the following do normative age-graded influences include? | sociocultural factors and environmental processes |
| In the context of the brain's development, what statement is true of lateralization? | It refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other. |
| T/F: SIDS usually occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason. | T |
| ___ means the capacity for change. | Plasticity |
| What is an important role played by emotions during infancy? | communication |
| One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n) | increase in behavioral problems. |
| An inhibited temperament has been associated with | high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain. |
| According to the Strange Situation created by Mary Ainsworth, which of the following babies would appear disoriented? | Clara, who is an insecure disorganized baby |
| Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children? | neglectful parenting |
| Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as | heteronomous morality. |
| The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as | perspective taking. |
| Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember. | schemas |
| Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice? | They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism. |
| When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw their sup | zone of proximal development. |
| Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child, they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of | coparenting. |
| Which approach holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior? | the behavioral and social cognitive approach |
| Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her 4-year-old son Manuel has gained 6 pounds over the past year. Sandra should be | content, because this is normal for Manuel's age. |
| __ is a disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time. Some children show a combination of these symptoms. | ADHD |
| __ involves knowing about knowing. | Metacognition |
| Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be | more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate. |
| Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing | schemas. |
| __ is also called self-worth or self-image. | Self-esteem |
| Eighteen-month-old Alan hates spinach but says, "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that | he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own. |
| In a Tools of the Mind classroom, _____ has a central role. | dramatic play |
| About _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried. | one-third |
| Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children? | indulgent parenting |
| Nurturing is a key aspect of _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development. | the child-centered kindergarten |
| The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents. | emotion-coaching |
| Among 3- to 6-year-olds, the volume of autobiographical memory is directly linked to | the volume of self-knowledge. |
| Toddlers' lower emotional competence has been linked in a recent study to | emotion-dismissing mothers. |
| Around the age of _____, children already show a preference for spending time with same-sex playmates. | 3 |
| Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of | the same sex as theirs. |
| In the context of the types of children’s play, the play in which infants engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of the first year of life is known as | sensorimotor play. |
| ___ refers to global evaluations of the self. | Self-esteem |
| Who created the concept of intelligence quotient? | William Stern |
| Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that | the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting. |
| A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If t | concrete operational stage |
| In the context of children's development, what is true of children's friendships? | Children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity. |
| In the context of children's friendships, what represents the function of social comparison served by friendship? | Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay. |
| Which function of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals? | ego support |
| A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male. | schema |
| T/F: Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than the death of a spouse. | T |
| A recent review (Gabrielli, Manzardo, & Butler, 2019) concluded that there are _____ genes linked to autism. | approximately 800 |
| A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 indicates that person's | intelligence quotient. |
| T/F: The consequences of low self-esteem in children has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency. | T |
| Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes | sexual abuse. |
| A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n) | authoritarian parent. |
| According to research, which of the following factors can enhance the effectiveness of the zone of proximal development? | child compliance |
| In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, what is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality? | They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world. |
| Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying | scaffolding writing. |
| In the context of working parents, a consistent finding is that in contrast to children whose mothers are not employed outside the home, children of working mothers | have more egalitarian views of gender. |
| Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitute | physical abuse. |
| T/F: The nature of parents’ work has more influence on children’s development than whether a parent works outside the home. | T |
| Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking blocks to make tall structures; however, he occasionally knocks them down. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this? | He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked. |
| __ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. | Sustained |
| Research with the memory-span task suggests that | short-term memory increases in early childhood. |
| In the context of metacognitive abilities, what strategy is likely to improve 7- to 8-year-olds' performance in arithmetic? | Let students find their own mistakes and learn from them. |
| Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means | repeating information after it has been presented. |
| Crystallized intelligence is an individual's | accumulated information and verbal skills. |
| According to studies, which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older men? | premature ejaculation |
| Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. | identity diffusion |
| Accommodation of the eye experiences its sharpest decline between _____ years of age. | 40 and 59 |
| Identify a true statement regarding remarriage in the United States. | Men tend to remarry after a divorce sooner than women do. |
| In a recent study of adults 50 years of age and older, which of the following was found to be associated with increased depressive symptoms and decreased quality of life? | a past-year decline in sexual desire or frequency of sexual activities |
| Sullivan argued that the need for _____ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends. | intimacy |
| What is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur? | growth of facial hair |
| Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as | cohabitation. |
| Results from the Sex in America survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by _____ and _____ for most Americans. | marriage; monogamy |
| What is an example of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)? | contraceptive implants |
| What is the average age of marriage for males in the United States? | 29.5 |
| T/F: Most individuals have had sexual intercourse by the end of emerging adulthood (age 25). | T |
| Identify the concept, recently described by Phyllis Moen, which reflects ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness. | the career mystique |
| According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence? | identity versus identity confusion |
| T/F: Adolescent mothers most likely were not good students before they became pregnant. | T |
| Jared is 50 years old. He has been working at a corporate law firm for the past 25 years. Even though he has been successful in his career, he realizes that he has done nothing for his children. According to Erikson’s theory, Jared's realization indicates | stagnation. |
| A girl's first menstruation is called | menarche. |
| Statistically speaking, which of the following persons is most likely to be married at age 25? | Turkish woman |
| A longitudinal study revealed that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence _____ in emerging adulthood. | increased |
| A recent study has shown that a(n) _____ in social media use among 12- to 14-year-olds leads to a(n) _____ their body image. | increase; decline in |
| According to Erik Erikson, during the _____ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life | identity versus identity confusion |
| If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to include in the program would be | intensive individualized attention |
| In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns. Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are _____ than previously believed. | more conservative |
| Margie Lachman and her colleagues found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines | midlife |
| What is an effective buffer against adolescents developing a drug problem? | educational success |
| After looking very positive for college graduates in the fall of 2019, the job outlook in March and April 2020 | turned down steeply. |
| As per the U.S. government's Occupational Outlook Handbook, which of the following statements is true of jobs? | Most of the highest-paying occupations require a college degree. |
| Which of the following statements is true with respect to sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women? | Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts. |
| George Vaillant concludes that _____ is a time for detecting parental flaws and discovering the truth about childhood. | adolescence |
| Katie, a 30-year-old woman, is working as a freelance writer. Recently, she decided to move in with her parents. However, both Katie and her parents are facing adjustment issues. According to research, which of the following is most likely a common compla | a loss of privacy |
| T/F: disappearance of a long-term career for an increasing number of adults is a trend in the U.S. workforce? | T |
| T/F: Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation, while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation. | T |
| Kyle just celebrated his fortieth birthday. According to Levinson, Kyle has | reached a stable point in his career. |
| According to Levinson, the _____ rests on how effectively an individual reduces the polarities and accepts each of them as an integral part of their being. | success of the midlife transition |
| According to recent studies, the most effective programs for losing weight include | exercise. |
| According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they | experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth. |
| One study reported in 2009 explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 and 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was found to be positively related to | exercising regularly. |
| According to Levinson, the transition to middle adulthood lasts about _____ years. | 5 |
| Cathy and Miguel have been dating for six months. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship, considering that both are in early adulthood? | loyalty |
| T/F: Later menopause is linked with increased risk of breast cancer. | T |
| Puberty refers to a period of | rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence. |
| "Jocks" who are good at sports and "druggies" who take drugs are examples of | crowds. |
| According to the surveys conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, which of the following is true of college students? | An increasing number of first-year college students report having higher levels of stress and depression. |
| According to research, women and men differ in the way they experience and respond to stressors. When coping with stress, men are more likely than women to | have sex or use pornography. |
| ___ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity. | Commitment |
| __ love is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person. | Companionate |
| With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, what about adolescent pregnancies in the United States is true? | In 2017, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded. |
| A recent study revealed that smart phone dependence had which of the following consequences for female college students? | poorer sleep quality |
| Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. | foreclosure |
| The _____ portions of the brain often die sooner than the _____ portions. | higher; lower |
| Jake has been diagnosed with a condition characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to a buildup of fluid in the eye. Jake is suffering from | glaucoma. |
| T/F: In most cases, older adults cohabit for companionship than for love | T |
| Prolonged grief disorder is also known as _____ grief. | complicated |
| Sometimes euthanasia is called | "mercy killing." |
| ____ can be used to avoid the destructive impact of shock by delaying the necessity of dealing with one's death. | Denial |
| A recent study of complicated grief revealed that individuals with this type of grief had a higher level of the personality trait of | neuroticism. |
| The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes. One of these changes that can make steps or street curbs difficult to manage is a decline in | depth perception. |
| According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent. | integrity versus despair |
| What is Kübler-Ross' fifth stage of dying? | acceptance |
| According to Kübler-Ross, during the _____ stage of dying, the realization of loss is great and those who symbolize life, energy, and competent functioning are especially salient targets of the dying person's resentment and jealousy. | anger |
| The retention of information about the details of life's happenings is called _____ memory. | episodic |
| What is true of activity theory? | It states that adults who cannot carry on their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood should find substitute roles that keep them engaged. |
| T/F: Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives. | T |
| T/F: A living will is an advanced directive that is accepted by laws in all 50 states in the United States. | T |
| Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation in early adulthood and stagnation in middle adulthood are more likely to experience _____ in late adulthood. | despair |
| Active euthanasia is legal in the state of | Oregon. |
| Frank, aged 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's _____ memory. | semantic |
| T/F: A "good death" involves appropriate medical care | T |
| __ is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of a loved one. | Grief |
| According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages, which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development? | wisdom |
| Explicit memory is also called _____ memory. | declarative |
| What is a way of preventing osteoporosis in middle-aged women? | avoiding smoking |
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